historia

KNAUF, A.; GUILLAUME, P. A History of Biblical Israel: The Fate of the Tribes and Kingdoms from Merenptah to Bar Kochba. London: Equinox Publishing, 2015, 288 p. – ISBN 9781781791424. 

Axel Knauf e Philippe Guillaume são professores da Universidade de Berna, Suíça.

Diz a editora:
There was probably only one past, but there are many different histories. As mental representations of narrow segments of the past, ‘histories’ reflect different cultural contexts and different historians, although ‘history’ is a scientific enterprise whenever it processes representative data using rational and controllable methods to work out hypotheses that can be falsified by empirical evidence.

A History of Biblical Israel combines experience gained through decades of teaching biblical exegesis and courses on the history of ancient Israel, and of on-going involvement in biblical archaeology. ‘Biblical Israel’ is understood as a narrative produced primarily in the province of Yehud to forge the collective memory of the elite that operated the temple of Jerusalem under the auspices of the Achaemenid imperial apparatus [sublinhado meu]. The notion of ‘Biblical Israel’ provides the necessary hindsight to narrate the fate of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah as the pre-history of ‘Biblical Israel’, since the archives of these kingdoms were only mined in the Persian era to produce the grand biblical narrative. The volume covers the history of ‘Biblical Israel’ through its fragmentation in the Hellenistic and Roman periods until 136 CE, when four Roman legions crushed the revolt of Simeon Bar-Kosiba.

PERDUE, L. G.; CARTER, W. Israel and Empire: A Postcolonial History of Israel and Early Judaism. London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015, 344 p. – ISBN 9780567243287.

Diz a editora:
Israel and Empire introduces students to the history, literature, and theology of the Hebrew Bible and texts of early Judaism, enabling them to read these texts through the lens of postcolonial interpretation. This approach should allow students to recognize not only how cultural and socio-political forces shaped ancient Israel and the worldviews of the early Jews but also the impact of imperialism on modern readings of the Bible.

Perdue and Carter cover a broad sweep of history, from 1300 BCE to 72 CE, including the late Bronze age, Egyptian imperialism, Israel’s entrance into Canaan, the Davidic-Solomonic Empire, the Assyrian Empire, the Babylonian Empire, the Persian Empire, the Greek Empire, the Maccabean Empire, and Roman rule. Additionally the authors show how earlier examples of imperialism in the Ancient Near East provide a window through which to see the forces and effects of imperialism in modern history.

Sumário:
1. Beginnings

2. The Crisis of the Late Bronze Age and the Spawning of New Empires and Kingdoms (1250-1150 B.C.E.).

3. Egyptian Imperialism: The Origins of Ancient Israel in Egypt (LBA)

4. Liberated Colonies and the Formation of a Tribal Nation: Israel’s Entrance into Canaan and the Period of the Judges (Iron I)

5. Imperialism in Early Israel: The Davidic-Solomonic Empire (1000-922 B. C. E.)

6. Imperialism: The Establishment of the Northern Empire (922-722 B. C. E.)

7. Imperialism: The Assyrian Empire (745-612 B. C. E.)

8. Imperialism: The Babylonian Empire (612 – 539 B. C. E.)

9. Imperialism: The Persian Empire (539-332 B. C. E.)

10. Imperialism: The Greek Empire (332-164 B. C. E.)

11. Postcolonialism: the Maccabean Empire (164-63 B. C. E.)

12. Neo-Imperialism: The Roman Rule of Judea in the Late Republic (65 B. C. E.) and the Subsequent Empire (30 B. C. E.-72 C. E.)

Em um artigo, publicado na revista Estudos de Religião, vol. 28, n. 1 (2014), da UMESP, sob o título Hermenêutica bíblica: refazendo caminhos, José Ademar Kaefer diz sobre a hermenêutica pós-colonial:

Hermenêutica pós-colonial tomou forças no final do século XX, a partir, principalmente, dos estudos pós-coloniais nas antigas colônias que haviam passado por um recente movimento de independência, mas não se restringe a isso. É um movimento anticolonial e tem como foco a crítica à razão pós-colonial. Nenhum colonialismo se constrói fora de si. O colonizador constrói a si mesmo quando coloniza. Constrói a si e exclui o colonizado. Por isso é colonialismo. Quando sai da colônia, o colonizador não a deixa de fato, pois permanece aí sua filosofia, teologia, história, modo de organizar a sociedade etc. Ele desconhece, fecha-se e destrói outro modo de sociedade. Portanto, o colonizado não se tornou independente de fato. Ele continua dependente do modo de pensar do colonizador: “Pode um subalterno falar”? Portanto, é preciso descolonizar o modo de pensar, partindo da geopolítica, da corpopolítica, da interculturalidade e da alteridade, um pensar entre lugares. Descolonizar a partir de grupos culturais de lugares e do diálogo entre a diversidade. A hermenêutica bíblica pós-colonial tem raízes na teologia da libertação, mas se diferencia desta por sua internacionalidade. Enquanto que na teologia da libertação o campo de ação é predominantemente a partir dos empobrecidos da América Latina e Caribe, na teoria pós-colonial são os excluídos do mundo a falar da periferia do mundo.

Estive lendo a introdução do livro de LEMCHE, N. P. Changing Perspectives 3: Biblical Studies and the Failure of History. New York: Routledge, 2013, 352 p. – ISBN 9781781790175 – Ebook Kindle na Amazon do Brasil.

Os 21 capítulos deste livro de Niels Peter Lemche retomam textos publicados em revistas e obras coletivas entre 1974 e 2003. Estão em ordem cronológica.

A introdução é de John Van Seters. E começa assim:

The author of the collection of essays in this third volume of the Changing Perspectives series is widely known as the founder of the ‘Copenhagen School,’ a term that has become synonymous with rather radical and ‘minimalist’ views to many in biblical scholarship, especially in North America, and often without any clear idea about Lemche’s contributions to scholarship. Niels Peter Lemche conducted his theological studies and graduate research at the University of Copenhagen during the period of 1964 to 1978, and from there he had his first teaching appointment at the University of Aarhus, during 1978 to 1986. It was there that he published his very important doctoral thesis, Early Israel: Anthropological and Historical Studi­es on the Israelite Society before the Monarchy (in Danish, 1984, and English, 1985), and shortly thereafter became Professor of Theology at the University of Copenhagen (1987), where he has remained even since. It was primarily through this work, Early Israel, with its strong emphasis on anthropological and sociological approaches to Israelite history, that he became known to the English-speaking world of scholarship.

I wish to call special attention to this period of the mid-1980s because in the chapters that follow in this collection, this time period constitutes a significant divide between the first six, which would appear to most scholars as rather conservative in method and conclusions, and the rest, which reflect the various themes for which he is now famous [sublinhado meu]. In this way this division reflects Lemche’s own ‘change in perspective’ and the fact that during this early period in his career he was fully conversant with all of the biblical scholarship that was associated with the pre-monarchical origins of ‘early Israel’ and the possibility of Late Bronze Age traditions being reflected in biblical texts. The fact is that because of the prevailing trend in biblical scholarship during the 1960s and 1970s, it was expected that one have expertise in Akkadian and Ugaritic, in addition to the biblical languages, as well as a command of the history and civilization of the Near East back to the third millennium, and this is reflected very well in these opening articles, in which he is a master of this material. It is to this first group of articles that we will now turn.

Para ler toda a introdução clique, na página da Routledge, em View Inside this Book.

Sobre o livro, diz a editora:
Until the 1970s biblical studies belonged to the historical-critical school and had reached a point where all problems were believed to have been solved. Then all assumptions began to be turned on their head. Previously, historical studies constituted the backbone of biblical studies; now, every aspect of biblical history began to be questioned. The idea of the Old Testament as a source of historical information was replaced by an understanding of the texts as a means for early Jewish society to interpret its past. Biblical Studies and the Failure of History brings together key essays which reflect the trajectory of this scholarly shift in order to illuminate the state of biblical studies today. The early essays present historical-critical studies tracing historical information. Further essays employ a more critical and interpretive perspective to examine seminal issues ranging from the Hellenistic contexts of biblical tradition to the functioning of Old Testament society.

Um aviso: alguns livros publicados pela Equinox foram para a Acumen em 2012. Estes livros estão agora na Routledge, que adquiriu a Acumen. É o caso dos estudos bíblicos.

Some books previously published by Equinox moved to Acumen Publishing in late 2012 as part of a demerger. Books affected by this  now reside with Routledge following their acquisition of Acumen.

GELLER, M. J. (ed.) Melammu: The Ancient World in an Age of Globalization. Berlin: Edition Open Access, 2014, 397 p. – ISBN: 9783945561003

Melammu volumes have broadened the horizons of studies of antiquity by encouraging the crossing of geographical and cultural boundaries between ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean and Near East. The present Melammu volume extends from Greece to India, with articles on Phrygia and Armenia, also viewing texts from ancient Israel, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. The globalization described in this volume extends over language barriers and literatures, showing how texts as well as goods can travel between societies and regions. This collection of papers offer new insights and perspectives into connections between the Mediterranean World, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Persia and India. Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium of the Melammu Project, held in Sophia, Bulgaria, September 1–3, 2008.

Clique no título e escolha a opção de baixar o livro, gratuitamente, em formato pdf ou como ebook em formato epub. Antes, veja o sumário (Table of Contents): penso que o tema deva interessar aos biblistas.

Veja a lista completa, com links para download gratuito, das publicações de Edition Open Access: Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge clicando aqui.

This website provides open access to the publications of the Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge, in accordance with the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to knowledge in the sciences and humanities, which was launched by the Max Planck Society in 2003. The aim is to disseminate the results of scholarly work – in accordance with the open-access paradigm – to a broad audience rapidly and at low cost. The volumes presented here are directed at scholars and students in a wide range of disciplines. The volumes are available both as printed books via print-on-demand and as online open-access publications.

The Center for Epigraphical and Palaeographical Studies at The Ohio State University was created in September 1986 by an act of the Board of Trustees of the University. It is the only comprehensive research facility for the study of Greek and Latin inscriptions and manuscripts in the United States. Its purpose is to foster the study of inscriptions and manuscripts and promote research opportunities for those interested in these primary sources of information for the ancient and mediaeval world. The Center maintains an excellent library of books on epigraphy and palaeography as well as an extensive collection of photographs and squeezes (accurate paper impressions of inscriptions) of Greek and Latin inscriptions and microfilms of Latin manuscripts.

Em Resources, observe a lista de sites da área: Epigraphy and Palaeography Related Websites.

O Dicionário Eletrônico Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa 2009.4 explica:

:. Epigrafia, do grego ἐπιγραφή = inscrição: ciência que estuda as inscrições lapidares dos monumentos antigos.

:. Paleografia, do grego παλαιός = antigo e γραφή = escrita: ciência que estuda as antigas formas de escrita, incluindo sua datação, decifração, origem e interpretação.

David, King of Judah (Not Israel)

Artigo de Jacob L. Wright, publicado em The Bible and Interpretation, em julho de 2014, que diz:

The traditions claiming that David ruled over a “united kingdom” of Israel and Judah emerged much later. If I am right on this point, the most popular legends about David are the creation of generations who lived long after him. David’s slaying of Goliath, his exploits in the court of Saul, his relationship to Jonathan and Michal, his fate as a fugitive, his military triumphs abroad, his affair with Bathsheba, his civil war with Absalom, his succession by Solomon – all these colorfully depicted episodes were created by later generations of writers.

Do mesmo autor, confira o livro:

WRIGHT, J. L. David, King of Israel, and Caleb in Biblical Memory. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014, 284 p. – ISBN 9781107672635. Versão para Kindle, aqui (E: baixe uma amostra grátis do livro).

Do livro, diz a editora:
Of all the Bible’s personalities, David is the most profoundly human. Courageous, cunning, and complex, he lives life to the hilt. Whatever he does, he does with all his might, exuding both vitality and vulnerability. No wonder it has been said that Israel revered Moses yet loved David. But what do we now know about the historical David? Why does his story stand at the center of the Bible? Why didn’t the biblical authors present him in a more favorable light? And what is the special connection between him and Caleb – the Judahite hero remembered for his valor during the wars of conquest? In this groundbreaking study, Jacob L. Wright addresses all these questions and presents a new way of reading the biblical accounts. His work compares the function of these accounts to the role war memorials play over time. The result is a rich study that treats themes of national identity, statehood, the exercise of power, and the human condition.

E veja também resenhas e apreciações bastante entusiasmadas sobre o livro: Jacob Wright’s Book is Getting Rave Reviews From a Wide Range of Scholarly Perspectives. Foi o que anotou Jim West em seu blog em 24 de março de 2014. Ou confira aqui, na página da editora.

Quem é Jacob L. Wright?
Dr. Jacob L. Wright is a professor of Hebrew Bible / Old Testament at Emory University, which boasts one of the world’s leading doctoral programs in biblical studies. Before coming to Emory, he taught at the University of Heidelberg in Germany. As an American with a European education, he is widely known for his ability to blend a wide range of historical, religious, and geographical perspectives on the Bible. His writing and teaching are thoroughly interdisciplinary, demonstrating how the ideas of the Bible and other ancient writings bear directly on central problems that face our societies in modern times. He brings to his work first-hand acquaintance with archeological finds and primary sources from ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece.

Acabei de ver no blog do Jim West. Tem cerca de 2 horas. Pode ser acessado no Youtube:

The Hittites 

Narrado, em inglês, por Jeremy Irons. Publicado em 03/05/2013.

Josué Berlesi disponibilizou em Academia.edu uma entrevista com três estudiosos brasileiros de História de Israel:

A História Antiga de Israel no Brasil: três opiniões sobre o tema

Respondem às 6 questões: Nelson Kilpp, Fernando Cândido da Silva e Airton José da Silva.

Confiram.

O que é Academia.edu?

Recomendo a leitura do artigo de David A. Fiensy, The Galilean Economy in the Time of Jesus: Can You Dig It? [A economia da Galileia na época de Jesus: é possível escavá-la?]. Publicado em The Bible and Interpretation em julho de 2013.

A pergunta é: qual era o padrão de vida da população da Galileia na época de Jesus?

Diz David A. Fiensy, Professor de Estudos Bíblicos na Kentucky Christian University, USA, e Associate Director of the Shikhin Excavation Project in (Galilee) Israel:

Devemos ser cautelosos em nossas tentativas para determinar a natureza da economia da Galileia na época de Jesus. Os dados são muitos fragmentários. A pesquisa atual sobre a Galileia do final do período do Segundo Templo é cheia de contrastes. Por exemplo: enquanto alguns olham para a Galileia através das lentes da antropologia cultural e da macrossociologia, outros olham para a Galileia através das lentes da arqueologia e rejeitam o uso de modelos construídos pelas ciências sociais; enquanto alguns sustentam que as relações entre aldeias e cidades eram hostis, outros propõem que havia uma relação de reciprocidade econômica; enquanto alguns sugerem que a Galileia era como outras sociedades agrárias da época com os camponeses pobres vivendo em áreas rurais e ricos exploradores vivendo principalmente em cidades, outros respondem que a vida era muito boa para todos na Galileia e que esta construíra uma sociedade igualitária… O autor defende, no final de seu artigo, a colaboração das duas áreas de pesquisa, a das ciências sociais e a da arqueologia, observando que grandes avanços foram feitos nos últimos 30 anos no conhecimento da Galileia da época de Jesus.

In trying to determine the nature of the Galilean economy, one must remain a bit humble. The nature of the data is fragmentary. This fact should both cause us to be cautious in our conclusions and to press for more data of the appropriate type.  The central question in the “economy wars” (i.e. the debates between some Galilean archaeologists and some of those New Testament scholars utilizing social science models) is about the standard of living of the Galilean folk in the late Second Temple period.The current quest for the historical Galilee is a study in contrasts: 1) Some look at Galilee through the lenses of cultural anthropology and macro-sociology; others look at Galilee through the lenses of archaeology and reject the use of social theories. 2) Some maintain that the relations between rural villages and the cities were hostile; others propose that the relationship was one of economic reciprocity and good will. 3) Some suggest that Galilee was typical of other agrarian societies with poor peasants who lived in the rural areas and exploitative wealthy people who lived mostly in the cities; others respond that life was pretty good for everyone in Galilee and that it was an egalitarian society… Remarkable gains have been made in understanding Galilee in the late Second Temple period in the last 30 years. This is a credit to both fine archaeological work and to the study of the insights of the social sciences. We must continue to use all of the resources available as we advance this pursuit. I, for one, intend to drink from both wells in assessing Lower Galilee in the late Second Temple period.

Este artigo remete a um livro sobre o assunto publicado agora em agosto:

FIENSY, D. A.; HAWKINS, R. K. (eds.) The Galilean Economy in the Time of Jesus. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2013, 208 p. – ISBN 9781589837577.

Disponível para download gratuito no Projeto ICI da SBL.

Diz a SBL em seu site:

A fim de fornecer um panorama e uma análise atualizada das condições econômicas da Galileia do século I d.C., esta coletânea pesquisa escavações arqueológicas recentes (Séforis, Yodefat, Magdala e Khirbet Qana) e analisa os resultados de escavações mais antigas (Cafarnaum). Ela também oferece interpretação das escavações para questões econômicas e apresenta os parâmetros do debate atual sobre o padrão de vida dos antigos galileus. Os ensaios incluídos, escritos por arqueólogos e estudiosos da Bíblia, foram elaborados a partir da perspectiva da arqueologia ou das ciências sociais. O volume, portanto, representa um amplo espectro de pontos de vista sobre esta questão oportuna e muitas vezes calorosamente debatida. Contribuem Mordechai Aviam, David A. Fiensy, Ralph K. Hawkins, Sharon Lea Mattila, Tom McCollough e Douglas Oakman.

In order to provide an up-to-date report and analysis of the economic conditions of first-century C.E. Galilee, this collection surveys recent archaeological excavations (Sepphoris, Yodefat, Magdala, and Khirbet Qana) and reviews results from older excavations (Capernaum). It also offers both interpretation of the excavations for economic questions and lays out the parameters of the current debate on the standard of living of the ancient Galileans. The essays included, by archaeologists as well as biblical scholars, have been drawn from the perspective of archaeology or the social sciences. The volume thus represents a broad spectrum of views on this timely and often hotly debated issue. The contributors are Mordechai Aviam, David A. Fiensy, Ralph K. Hawkins, Sharon Lea Mattila, Tom McCollough, and Douglas Oakman.

Leia Mais:
Leitura socioantropológica do Novo Testamento

Qual é o futuro do passado de Israel?  What is the future of Israel’s past?

Três tarefas que nascem da pesquisa recente do passado de Israel:

. aprofundar a questão metodológica no estudo da História de Israel

. avaliar o impacto dos novos rumos do estudo da História de Israel sobre a Bíblia

. integrar nos estudos futuros os fenômenos sociais, culturais e humanos mais amplos que contribuíram para a formação do passado de Israel

Quer saber mais?

Leia sobre isto um livro muito competente publicado em 2011:

MOORE, M. B.; KELLE, B. E. Biblical History and Israel’s Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2011, xvii + 518 p. – ISBN 9780802862600. Kindle Edition: Amazon.com.br.

Review by Bob Becking, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, RBL, published 2/6/2012, and by Ralph K. Hawkins, Averett University, Danville, VA. CBQ, vol. 75, n. 1, January 2013, p. 125-126.