historia

Este curso de História de Israel compreende 4 horas semanais, com duração de um semestre, o primeiro dos oito semestres do curso de Teologia. Os alunos recebem os roteiros de todas as minhas disciplinas do ano em curso nos formatos pdf e html. Os sistemas de avaliação e aprendizagem seguem as normas da Faculdade e são, dentro do espaço permitido, combinados com os alunos no começo do curso.

I. Ementa
Discute com o aluno os elementos necessários para uma compreensão global e essencial da história econômica, política e social do povo israelita, como base para um aprofundamento maior da história teológica desse povo. Possibilita ao aluno uma reflexão séria sobre o processo histórico de Israel desde suas origens até o século I d.C.

II. Objetivos
Oferece ao aluno um quadro coerente da História de Israel e discute as tendências atuais da pesquisa na área. Constrói uma base de conhecimentos histórico-sociais necessários ao aluno para que possa situar no seu contexto a literatura bíblica veterotestamentária produzida no período.

III. Conteúdo Programático
1. Noções de geografia do Antigo Oriente Médio
:: O crescente fértil
:: A Mesopotâmia
:: O Egito
:: A Síria e a Fenícia
:: A Palestina

2. As origens de Israel
:: A teoria da conquista
:: A teoria da instalação pacífica
:: A teoria da revolta
:: A teoria da evolução pacífica e gradual

3. Os governos de Saul, Davi e Salomão
:: Nascimento e morte da monarquia a partir dos textos bíblicos
:: A ruptura do consenso
:: As fontes: seu peso, seu uso
:: Dois exemplos de fontes primárias: as estelas de Tel Dan e de Merneptah
:: A questão teórica: como nasce um Estado antigo?
:: As soluções de Lemche e de Finkelstein & Silberman

4. O reino de Israel
:: Israel de Jeroboão I a Jeroboão II
:: Israel é destruído pela Assíria
:: As conclusões de Finkelstein & Silberman

5. O reino de Judá
:: Os reis de Judá
:: A reforma de Ezequias e a invasão de Senaquerib
:: A reforma de Josias e o Deuteronômio
:: Os últimos dias de Judá
:: Por que Judá caiu?

6. A época persa e as conquistas de Alexandre
:: A situação da Grécia e a política macedônia
:: As conquistas de Alexandre Magno (356-323 a.C.)
:: Quem é Alexandre Magno?
:: A anexação da Judeia por Alexandre
:: A situação da Judeia no momento da anexação

7. Os Ptolomeus governam a Palestina
:: Os diádocos lutam pela herança de Alexandre
:: A situação da Palestina de 323 a 301 a.C.
:: As guerras sírias entre Ptolomeus e Selêucidas
:: Alexandria e os judeus
:: O governo dos Ptolomeus
:: A administração ptolomaica da Palestina

8. Os Selêucidas: a helenização da Palestina
:: O governo de Antíoco III, o Grande
:: Antíoco IV e a proibição do judaísmo
:: As causas da helenização

9. Os Macabeus I: a resistência
:: Matatias e o começo da revolta
:: A luta de Judas Macabeu (166-160 a.C.)
:: Jônatas, o primeiro Sumo Sacerdote Macabeu (160-143 a.C.)

10. Os Macabeus II: a independência
:: Simão consegue a independência da Judeia
:: João Hircano I e as divisões internas dos judeus
:: Aristóbulo I e a reaproximação com o helenismo
:: Alexandre Janeu, o primeiro rei macabeu
:: Salomé Alexandra e o poder dos fariseus
:: Aristóbulo II e a intervenção de Pompeu

11. O domínio romano
:: A “”pax romana” chega a Jerusalém
:: O sistema socioeconômico da Palestina

IV. Bibliografia
Básica
FINKELSTEIN, I.; SILBERMAN, N. A. A Bíblia não tinha razão. São Paulo: A Girafa, 2003, 515 p. – ISBN 8589876187.

LIVERANI, M. Para além da Bíblia: história antiga de Israel. São Paulo: Loyola/Paulus, 2008, 544 p. – ISBN 9788515035557.

PIXLEY, J. A História de Israel a partir dos pobres. 11. ed. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2013, 136 p. – ISBN 9788532602824.

Complementar
BERQUIST, J. L. (ed.)  Approaching Yehud: New Approaches to the Study of the Persian Period. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2007, ix + 249 p. – ISBN 9781589831452. Disponível online.

COOTE, R. B.; WHITELAM, K. W. The Emergence of Early Israel in Historical Perspective. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2010, 220 p. – ISBN 9781906055455.

CURTIS, A. Oxford Bible Atlas. 4. ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, 224 p. – ISBN 9780191001581.

DA SILVA, A. J. A História Antiga de Israel no Brasil: três opiniões. Acesso em: 19 janeiro 2017.

DA SILVA, A. J. A história de Israel na pesquisa atual. In: História de Israel e as pesquisas mais recentes. 2. ed. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2003, p. 43-87 – ISBN 8532628281.

DA SILVA, A. J. A história de Israel na pesquisa atual. Estudos Bíblicos, Petrópolis, n. 71, p. 62-74, 2001.

DA SILVA, A. J. A história de Israel no debate atual. Acesso em: 19 janeiro 2017.

DA SILVA, A. J. A origem dos antigos Estados israelitas. Estudos Bíblicos, Petrópolis, n. 78, p. 18-31, 2003.

DA SILVA, A. J. História de Israel. Acesso em: 19 janeiro 2017.

DA SILVA, A. J. O Pentateuco e a História de Israel. In: Teologia na pós-modernidade. Abordagens epistemológica, sistemática e teórico-prática. São Paulo: Paulinas, 2007, p. 173-215. – ISBN 853561110X

DA SILVA. A. J. Os essênios: a racionalização da solidariedade. Acesso em: 19 janeiro 2017.

DA SILVA, A. J. Pode uma ‘história de Israel’ ser escrita? Observando o debate atual sobre a história de Israel. Acesso em: 19 janeiro 2017.

DA SILVA, A. J. Religião e formação de classes na antiga Judeia. Estudos Bíblicos, Petrópolis, n. 120, p. 413-434, 2013.

DA SILVA, A. J. The History of Israel in the Current Research. Journal of Biblical Studies 1:2, Apr.-Jun. 2001. Acesso em: 19 janeiro 2017.

DAVIES, P. R. In Search of ‘Ancient Israel’. 2. ed. London: Bloomsbury T & T Clark, [1992] 2015, 166 p. – ISBN 9781850757375.

DAVIES, P. R. The History of Ancient Israel: A Guide for the Perplexed. London: Bloomsbury T & T Clark, 2015, 200 p. – ISBN 9780567655851.

DONNER, H. História de Israel e dos povos vizinhos. 2v. 6. ed. São Leopoldo: Sinodal/EST, 2014, 540 p. Vol 1: ISBN 9788562865244; Vol. 2: ISBN 9788562865411.

FINKELSTEIN, I. O reino esquecido: arqueologia e história de Israel Norte. São Paulo: Paulus, 2015, 232 p. – ISBN 9788534942393.

FINKELSTEIN, I. The Forgotten Kingdom: The Archaeology and History of Northern Israel. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2013, 210 p. – ISBN 9781589839106. Disponível online.

FINKELSTEIN, I.; MAZAR, A. The Quest for the Historical Israel: Debating Archaeology and the History of Early Israel. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2007, 220 p. – ISBN 9781589832770. Disponível online.

FINKELSTEIN, I.; SILBERMAN, N. A. David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible’s Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition. New York: The Free Press, 2007, 352 p. – ISBN 9780743243636.

GERSTENBERGER, E. S. Israel no tempo dos persas: Séculos V e IV antes de Cristo. São Paulo: Loyola, 2014, 552 p. – ISBN 9788515040759.

GOTTWALD, N. K. As Tribos de Iahweh: Uma Sociologia da Religião de Israel Liberto, 1250-1050 a.C. 2. ed. São Paulo: Paulus, 2004, 939 p. – ISBN 8534922330.

GRABBE, L. L. A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Vol 1, A History of the Persian Province of Judah. London: Bloomsbury T. & T. Clark, 2006, 496 p. – ISBN 0567043525.

GRABBE, L. L. A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Vol. 2, The Coming of the Greeks, the Early Hellenistic Period 335-175 BCE. London: Bloomsbury T. & T. Clark, 2011, 458 p. – ISBN 9780567541192.

GRABBE, L. L. Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It? Rev. Edition London: Bloomsbury T. & T. Clark, 2008, 328 p. – ISBN 9780567032546.

HORSLEY, R. A. Arqueologia, história e sociedade na Galileia: o contexto social de Jesus e dos Rabis. São Paulo: Paulus, 2000 [reimpressão: 2012], 196 p. – ISBN 8534915679.

HORSLEY, R. A. Jesus e a espiral da violência: Resistência judaica popular na Palestina Romana. São Paulo: Paulus, 2010, 304 p. – ISBN 9788534926355.

KAEFER, J. A. A Bíblia, a arqueologia e a história de Israel e Judá. São Paulo: Paulus, 2015, 112 p. – ISBN 9788534941549.

KAEFER, J. A. Arqueologia das terras da Bíblia. São Paulo: Paulus, 2012, 96 p. – ISBN 9788534933773.

KAEFER, J. A. Arqueologia das terras da Bíblia II. São Paulo: Paulus, 2016, 136 p. – ISBN 9788534943109.

KESSLER, R. História social do antigo Israel. 2. ed. São Paulo: Paulinas, 2010, 304 p. – ISBN 9788535625295.

KIPPENBERG, H. G. Religião e formação de classes na antiga Judeia: estudo sociorreligioso sobre a relação entre tradição e evolução social. São Paulo: Paulus, 1997, 184 p. – ISBN 8505006798.

LEMCHE, N. P. Ancient Israel: A New History of Israel. 2. ed. London: Bloomsbury T & T Clark, 2015, 296 p. – ISBN 9780567662781.

LOWERY, R. H. Os reis reformadores: culto e sociedade no Judá do Primeiro Templo. São Paulo: Paulinas, 2012, 351 p. – ISBN 8535612912.

MAZAR, A. Arqueologia na terra da Bíblia: 10.000 – 586 a.C. São Paulo: Paulinas, 2012, 558 p. – ISBN 8535610316.

MOORE, M. Philosophy and Practice in Writing a History of Ancient Israel. London: Bloomsbury T & T Clark, 2006, x + 205 p. – ISBN 9780567029812.

MOREGENZTERN, I.; RAGOBERT, T. A Bíblia e seu tempo – um olhar arqueológico sobre o Antigo Testamento. 2 DVDs. Documentário baseado no livro The Bible Unearthed [A Bíblia não tinha razão], de Israel Finkelstein e Neil Asher Silberman. São Paulo: História Viva – Duetto Editorial, 2007.

PERDUE, L. G.; CARTER, W. Israel and Empire: A Postcolonial History of Israel and Early Judaism. London: Bloomsbury T & T Clark, 2015, 344 p. – ISBN 9780567243287.

PFOH, E. The Emergence of Israel in Ancient Palestine: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016, 192 p. – ISBN 9781138661134.

STEGEMANN, W. Jesus e seu tempo. São Leopoldo: Sinodal/EST, 2013, 576 p. – ISBN 9788562865886.

VAN SETERS, J. Em Busca da História: Historiografia no Mundo Antigo e as Origens da História Bíblica. São Paulo: EDUSP, 2008, 400 p. – ISBN 8531411017.

WILLIAMSON, H. G. M. (ed.), Understanding the History of Ancient Israel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, 452 p. – ISBN 9780197264010.

ZABATIERO, J. P. T. Uma história cultural de Israel. São Paulo: Paulus, 2013, 296 p. – ISBN 9788534937597.

Leia Mais:
Preparando meus programas de aula para 2017
Língua Hebraica Bíblica 2017
Pentateuco 2017
Literatura Deuteronomista 2017
Literatura Profética 2017
Literatura Pós-Exílica 2017

Em 25 de julho de 2016 publiquei uma apresentação do livro de

CHAPMAN, H. H. ; RODGERS, Z. A Companion to Josephus. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley Blackwell, 2016, XVI + 466 p. – ISBN 9781444335330.

Hoje li uma resenha do livro, feita por Matthew Kraus, da Universidade de Cincinnati, USA, na qual ele diz, entre outras coisas:

The publication of this “first introductory companion, or scholarly guide” to Josephus marks the seismic change in Josephan scholarship over recent decades. In addition to the Brill Josephus Project, whose translations and detailed commentaries on the Josephan corpus are already replacing the Loeb editions for serious scholars [sublinhado meu], innovative approaches to traditional topics and new areas of research now permeate the Josephan landscape. No longer reduced to being the cherry-picked companion to the Jewish and Christian experience of the Greek and Roman worlds, he properly merits his own handbook considering him an author in his own right. The volume, ably edited by Honora Chapman and Zuleika Rodgers, draws on an international team of Josephan experts, including several contributors to the Brill translation and commentary. It updates the current status of research and provides a foundation for future advancements.

Na resenha é mencionado o Projeto Josefo, da editora Brill, uma tradução e comentário de toda a obra de Flávio Josefo, empreendimento que começou no final do século XX, e é dirigido por Steve Mason, Professor da Universidade York, de Toronto, Canadá, e um grande especialista na área:

MASON, S. (ed.) Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary. Leiden: Brill, 2000- [confira na Amazon os livros que já foram publicados].

 

Deste projeto, ainda em andamento, fala G. Goldberg, em sua página dedicada a Flávio Josefo:

The most significant event in Josephus studies in many years is the publication of “the first comprehensive English commentary to Josephus,” the nine-volume translation and commentary of the Brill Josephus Project, written by ten scholars and edited by Steve Mason.

(…)

In his preface to the series, Steve Mason discusses the need for a commentary on Josephus, noting that “By the accidents of history, his narratives have become the indispensable source for all scholarly study of Judea from about 200 BCE to 75 CE.” Yet it is only in the past two decades that “Josephus studies” have taken on a life of their own, so that the “time is right” to produce this commentary.

The necessity of a new English translation is also discussed. There are two main English translations, the 18th-century rendition of Whiston and the 20th century Loeb Library version, with Whiston by far the more widely read despite its antique language — no doubt because it is far less expensive (free on the Internet).  The Loeb failing of expense is not one that is being corrected by the Brill series, which in this printing costs approximately seven times as much as the Loeb, and around 100 times as much as a print copy of Whiston [Obs.: a tradução de Whiston pode ser encontrada em vários sites na web para download gratuito. Já a versão da Loeb Classical Library está, desde 2014, disponível para leitura online e é igualmente gratuita].

While expressing admiration for the Loeb edition, Mason lists several reasons why it “does not suit the needs of the commentator.” Principally, the translation was somewhat more free than one would want, not enforcing consistency in the way various words and phrases are rendered into English, altering parts of speech, and using a homogeneous style. The goal of the Brill translators is to maintain as much consistency as possible in these matters. Mason discusses the inevitable difficulties in getting ten scholars to agree on the manner of translating certain terms, such as the frequent Ioudaios: does this mean “Judean” (the nationality) or does it mean “Jew” (the ethno-religious group)? In this case there was no agreement, and uniformity was not enforced in favor of each scholar’s experience and intuition.

Although initially it was planned that a new Greek text be included, this has not happened, one supposes due to size and cost; although the text used is essentially that of Benedictus Niese (as in the Loeb edition), the translators have made use of modern research to provide what are expected to be better readings. This makes it difficult to analyse or debate the translations where they differ from Loeb, as the reader does not know what text is actually being translated. One depends on the commentary for discussion of textual variants.

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Flávio Josefo, homem singular em uma sociedade plural

ATKINSON, K. A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond. London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2016, 208 p. – ISBN 9780567669032.

 

Kenneth Atkinson tells the exciting story of the nine decades of the Hasmonean rule of Judea (152 – 63 BCE) by going beyond the accounts of the Hasmoneans in Josephus in order to bring together new evidence to reconstruct how the Hasmonean family transformed their kingdom into a state that lasted until the arrival of the Romans.

Atkinson reconstructs the relationships between the Hasmonean state and the rulers of the Seleucid and the Ptolemaic Empires, the Itureans, the Nabateans, the Parthians, the Armenians, the Cappadocians, and the Roman Republic. He draws on a variety of previously unused sources, including papyrological documentation, inscriptions, archaeological evidence, numismatics, Dead Sea Scrolls, pseudepigrapha, and textual sources from the Hellenistic to the Byzantine periods.

Atkinson also explores how Josephus’s political and social situation in Flavian Rome affected his accounts of the Hasmoneans and why any study of the Hasmonean state must go beyond Josephus to gain a full appreciation of this unique historical period that shaped Second Temple Judaism, and created the conditions for the rise of the Herodian dynasty and the emergence of Christianity.

Kenneth Atkinson is Professor of History at the University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, USA.

Table of contents

Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
1. Introduction
2. The Foundation of the Hasmonean Dynasty
3. John Hyrcanus: His Role During Simon’s Reign and his Consolidation of Political and Secular Powers
4. Judah Aristobulus: The Creation of the Hasmonean Monarchy
5. Alexander Jannaeus: A Period of Conquest and Expansion
6. Shelamzion Alexandra: A Hasmonean Golden Age
7. Pompey and the Hasmoneans: Hyrcanus II, Aristobulus II, and the End of the Hasmonean Monarchy
8. After the Roman Conquest
9. Conclusion: Josephus, Rome, and Hasmonean History
Bibliography: Primary Sources
Bibliography: Secondary Sources
Indexes

Leia um capítulo do livro na revista online The Bible and Interpretation – October 2016

A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond – By Kenneth Atkinson

Josephus cautiously avoided messianism in his history of the Hasmonean period. He appears to have been reluctant to document any Hasmonean history that involved the violent messianism of the type that had contributed to the outbreak of the First Jewish War. Instead, he stresses that the Hasmonean family’s rule had gone well until they had established a monarchy and allowed sectarian factions to influence politics. Josephus wrote his books partly to support the aristocracy, namely the rule of the Pharisees and their leaders. For Josephus, these groups represented caution and Roman aristocratic values. They were opposed to the religious zeal of the Zealots and related Jewish groups that had caused the rebellion against Rome. For Josephus, the priests and the aristocrats were the only legitimate Jewish leaders.

STOL, M. Women in the Ancient Near East. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2016, X + 696 p. – ISBN 9781614512639.

Livro publicado em agosto de 2016 e disponível para download gratuito em formato epub e pdf.

Mulheres no Antigo Oriente Médio oferece uma narrativa lúcida da vida diária de mulheres na Mesopotâmia a partir do terceiro milênio a.C. até o início do período helenístico. O livro de Marten Stol é a primeira abordagem em grande escala da história das mulheres no Antigo Oriente Médio.

Women in the Ancient Near East offers a lucid account of the daily life of women in Mesopotamia from the third millennium BCE until the beginning of the Hellenistic period. The book systematically presents the lives of women emerging from the available cuneiform material and discusses modern scholarly opinion. Stol’s book is the first full-scale treatment of the history of women in the Ancient Near East.

Marten Stol, Free University, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Leia Mais:
Publicações Open Access na Walter de Gruyter

CHAPMAN, H. H. ; RODGERS, Z. (eds.) A Companion to Josephus. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley Blackwell, 2016, XVI + 466 p. – ISBN 9781444335330

 A Companion to Josephus presents a collection of readings from international scholars that explore the works of the first century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus.

• Represents the first single-volume collection of readings to focus on Josephus
• Covers a wide range of disciplinary approaches to the subject, including reception history
• Features contributions from 29 eminent scholars in the field from four continents
• Reveals important insights into the Jewish and Roman worlds at the moment when Christianity was gaining ground as a movement

Contracapa

Considered the most important historian of Jewish antiquity, the works of Flavius Josephus offer unparalleled insights into the world of Late Second Temple Judaism, the dawn of Christianity, and the early years of the Roman Empire. “A Companion to Josephus” presents a collection of readings that probe deeply into aspects relating to the four extant works of the first century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus. Featuring contributions from more than two dozen renowned international scholars specializing in Josephus and related studies, readings introduce the writings of Josephus, put them into historical contexts, explore their transmission and reception, and highlight contemporary scholarly approaches to two millennia of Josephan studies. Following an examination of the four individual texts and their manuscript tradition and situating the writings of Josephus among contemporaneous Greek, Roman, Jewish, and Christian works, a wide variety of themes are explored–the archaeology of Galilee, military history, the Jerusalem Temple, women, Jewish rulers, and more. Further readings follow the transmission and reception of the Josephan corpus along its remarkable journey from Late Antiquity through to the Medieval, early Modern, and Modern periods. In the first single-volume scholarly guide to Josephus, “A Companion to Josephus” sheds important new light into the writings of an eyewitness to a pivotal point in world history.

Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World

This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classical literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises approximately twenty‐five and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers.

As organizadoras

Honora Howell Chapman is Professor of Classics and Humanities at California State University, Fresno. She is a former co-chair of the Josephus Seminar/Group of the Society of Biblical Literature and has published articles and book chapters on literary aspects of Josephus’s writings.

Zuleika Rodgers is Lecturer in Jewish Studies and Director of the Herzog Centre at Trinity College, University of Dublin. She was President of the British Association for Jewish Studies (2013–2014).

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Flávio Josefo, homem singular em uma sociedade plural

King David and the Illusory Judah

By Mahri Leonard-Fleckman – Assistant Professor of Theology – University of Scranton, PA, USA

Publicado em The Bible and Interpretation – Maio de 2016

Judá aparece notavelmente poucas vezes como elemento central em 1–2 Samuel. Se o material de Judá fosse realmente fundamental para a história de Davi, a história entraria em colapso devido à falta de tradição autônoma e independente. Em contraste, a maior parte da história de Davi como rei concentra-se apenas no governo de Davi em Israel. A evidência bíblica nos convida a reconsiderar a paisagem política e social da monarquia primitiva, definida não pela chamada “monarquia unida”, nem por Judá apenas, mas por uma entidade importante nestes séculos: Israel.

Judah appears remarkably few times as central player in 1–2 Samuel. If the Judah material were indeed primary to the David story, the story would collapse from lack of self-standing, independent lore. In contrast, the majority of the story of David as king is focused on David’s rule of Israel alone. The biblical evidence invites us to reconsider the political and social landscape of the early monarchy, defined not by the so-called “united monarchy,” nor by Judah alone, by the one important entity in these centuries: Israel.

Recomendo uma visita ao Portal de Anais da Faculdades EST. E lá, à página dos Anais do Congresso Internacional da Faculdades EST, onde há muitos textos interessantes em pdf para download.

E, na minha área, o texto de Josué Berlesi: O Israel Antigo nos currículos acadêmicos de História: considerações preliminares.

Se a Bíblia não é história, o que é então?

Este volume analisa as consequências desta pergunta…

HJELM, I. ; THOMPSON, T. L. (eds.) Biblical Interpretation Beyond Historicity: Changing Perspectives 7. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016, 208 p. – ISBN 9781138889521.

 

Biblical Interpretation beyond Historicity evaluates the new perspectives that have emerged since the crisis over historicity in the 1970s and 80s in the field of biblical scholarship. Several new studies in the field, as well as the ‘deconstructive’ side of literary criticism that emerged from writers such as Derrida and Wittgenstein, among others, lead biblical scholars today to view the texts of the Bible more as literary narratives than as sources for a history of Israel. Increased interest in archaeological and anthropological studies in writing the history of Palestine and the ancient Near East leads to the need for an evidence-based history of Palestine.

This volume analyses the consequences of the question: “If the Bible is not history, what is it then?” The editors, Hjelm and Thompson are members of the Copenhagen School, which was formed in the light of this question and the commitment to a new approach to both the history of Palestine and the Bible’s place in ancient history. This volume features essays from a range of highly regarded scholars, and is divided into three sections: “Beyond Historicity”, which explores alternative historical roles for the Bible, “Greek Connections”, which discusses the Bible’s context in the Hellenistic world and “Reception”, which explores extra-biblical functions of biblical studies.

Leia Mais:
Copenhagen International Seminar

Ou seja: por volta de 1550-1150 a.C.

Este estudo é baseado na tese de doutorado de Emanuel Pfoh, defendida em 2011 na Universidade de Buenos Aires.

PFOH, E. Syria-Palestine in The Late Bronze Age: An Anthropology of Politics and Power. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016, 246 p. – ISBN 9781844657841.

Syria-Palestine in the Late Bronze Age presents an explicitly anthropological perspective on politics and social relationships. An anthropological reading of the textual and epigraphic remains of the time allows us to see how power was constructed and political subordination was practised and expressed. Syria-Palestine in the Late Bronze Age identifies a particular political ontology, native to ancient Syro-Palestinian societies, which informs and constitutes their social worlds. This political ontology, based on patronage relationships, provides a way of understanding the political culture and the social dynamics of ancient Levantine peoples. It also illuminates the historical processes taking place in the region, processes based on patrimonial social structures and articulated through patron-client bonds.

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Copenhagen International Seminar

Este livro foi publicado em 2009 em capa dura. Agora retorna em paperback.

PFOH, E. The Emergence of Israel in Ancient Palestine: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives. Abingdon: Routledge, 2009, 236 p. – ISBN 9781845535292.

PFOH, E. The Emergence of Israel in Ancient Palestine: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016, 192 p. – ISBN 9781138661134.

Taking advantage of critical methodology for history-writing and the use of anthropological insights and ethnographic data from the modern Middle East, this study aims at providing new understandings on the emergence of Israel in ancient Palestine and the socio-political dynamics at work in the Levant during antiquity. The book begins with a discussion of matters of historiography and history-writing, both in ancient and modern times, and an evaluation on the incidence of the modern theological discourse in relation to history and history-writing. Chapter 2 evaluates the methodology used by biblical scholars for gaining knowledge on ancient Israelite society. Pfoh argues that such attempts often apply socio-scientific models on biblical narratives without external evidence of the reconstructed past, producing a virtual past reality which cannot be confirmed concretely. Chapter 3 deals with the archaeological remains usually held as clear evidence of Israelite statehood in the tenth century BCE. The main criticism is directed towards archaeological interpretations of the data which are led by the biblical narratives of the books of Judges and Samuel, resulting in a harmonic blend of ancient literature and modern anthropological models on state-formation. Chapter 4 continues with the discussion on how anthropological models should be employed for history-writing. Socio-political concepts, such as chiefdom society or state formation should not be imposed on the contents of ancient literary sources (i.e., the Bible) but used instead to analyse our primary sources (the archaeological and epigraphic records), in order to create a socio-historical account. The final chapter attempts to provide an historical explanation regarding the emergence of Israel in ancient Palestine without relying on the Bible but only on archaeology, epigraphy and anthropological insights. This Israel is not the biblical one. This is the Israel from history, the one that the modern historian aims at recovering from the study of ancient epigraphic and archaeological remains. The arguments presented challenge the idea that the biblical writers were recording historical events as we understand this practice nowadays and that we can use the biblical records for creating critical histories of Israel in ancient Palestine. It also questions the existence of undisputable traces of statehood in the archaeological record from the Iron Age, as the biblical images about a United Monarchy might lead us to believe. Thus, drawing on ethnographic insights, we may gain a better knowledge on how ancient Levantine societies functioned, providing us with a context for understanding the emergence of historical Israel as a major highland patronate, with a socio-political life of almost two centuries. It is during the later periods of ancient Palestines history, the Persian and the Graeco-Roman, that we find the proper context into which biblical Israel is created, beginning a literary life of more than two millennia.