bibliografia

Dezenas de arqueólogos e biblistas reunidos em Jerusalém se perguntam: Como as novas descobertas arqueológicas podem contribuir para explicar o mundo, a vida e o pensamento de Jesus de Nazaré?

Desta discussão nasceu o livro Jesus e a Arqueologia, organizado por James H. Charlesworth, e publicado pela editora Eerdmans, que parece digno de atenção. Embora eu ainda não conheça a obra, os autores são respeitados especialistas na área.

CHARLESWORTH, J. H. (ed.) Jesus and Archaeology. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2006, 740 p. – ISBN 9780802848802.

Diz a sinopse da editora:

A arqueologia ainda tem muito a revelar sobre a vida e o mundo de Jesus de Nazaré. Estudar um vaso de dois mil anos que esteve nas mãos de um judeu que morava em um pequeno vilarejo frequentado por Jesus pode nos aproximar da compreensão daqueles que conviveram com  Jesus. Jesus and Archaeology contém as palestras revisadas e editadas que os principais arqueólogos e estudiosos bíblicos apresentaram em uma reunião em Jerusalém para celebrar o novo milênio. Muitos deles vieram diretamente de suas escavações em lugares como Betsaida, Cafarnaum, Nazaré e Jerusalém para compartilhar suas descobertas e percepções, fazendo a seguinte pergunta: Como as novas descobertas arqueológicas podem contribuir para explicar o mundo, a vida e o pensamento de Jesus de Nazaré? Os leitores de Jesus e a Arqueologia terão muitos novos insights sobre a vida e os tempos deste fascinante judeu da Galileia.

Archaeology still has many things to reveal about the life and world of Jesus of Nazareth. To touch a two-thousand-year-old pot held by a Jew who lived in a small village frequented by Jesus can bring us closer to understanding those who were touched by Jesus. Jesus and Archaeology contains the revised and edited lectures that leading archaeologists and biblical scholars presented at a gathering in Jerusalem to celebrate the new millennium. Many contributors came directly from their excavations in places like Bethsaida, Capernaum, Nazareth, and Jerusalem to share their discoveries and insights, focusing on the question In what ways do new archaeological discoveries clarify the world, life, and thought of Jesus from Nazareth? Readers of Jesus and Archaeology will gain many new insights into the life and times of this fascinating Galilean Jew.

Contributors:

Paul N. Anderson
Rami Arav
Dan Bahat
Richard A. Batey
Avraham Biran
Brian J. Capper
James H. Charlesworth
Bruce Chilton
James D. G. Dunn
J. K. Elliott
Esther Eshel
Craig A. Evans
Sean Freyne
Yizhar Hirschfeld
William Klassen
John S. Kloppenborg
Achim Lichtenberger
Frederic Manns
John Painter
Michele Piccirillo
Bargil Pixner
Emile Puech
John Reumann
Peter Richardson
Henry W. M. Rietz
Daniel R. Schwartz
Benedict Thomas Viviano
Urban C. von Wahlde
John W. Welch
Jurgen Zangenberg
Joseph E. Zias

WorldCat é um grande banco de dados de livros, artigos, documentos, CDs de música, vídeos etc que podem ser encontrados em bibliotecas da maior parte do mundo. Você procura por autor, título ou assunto e as informações sobre onde encontrar o material são rapidamente disponibilizadas. O resultado das buscas pode ser visto em inglês, francês, neerlandês, alemão ou espanhol.

Tente buscar por Johan Konings, Carlos Mesters, Cássio Murilo Dias da Silva, Israel Finkelstein, Mario Liverani, Niels Peter Lemche ou outro autor de sua preferência… Dos brasileiros não tem muito, muitos textos importantes não estão indexados, mas alguma coisa será encontrada… Por exemplo: de Carlos Mesters encontrei 204 ocorrências em 6 línguas, mas Mesters está muito acima da média em termos de publicações bíblicas. Procure por Airton José da Silva…

WorldCat: a database of information about the things libraries own that is constantly updated by information professionals: books, documents and photos of local or historic significance, abstracts and full-text articles, music CDs, videos, downloadable audiobooks… The resources are available in many languages.

Recomendando mais um livro de James Dunn, o “craque” da Nova Perspectiva.

DUNN, J. D.G. The New Perspective on Paul: Collected Essays. 2. ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, [2005] 2007, 552 p. – ISBN 9780802845627.

DUNN, J. D. G. Nova Perspectiva Sobre Paulo. São Paulo: Paulus/Academia Cristã, 2011, 752 p. – ISBN 9788598481463.

Para quem não se lembra o que é: a Nova Perspectiva é uma linha de estudos inaugurada por E. P. Sanders, a qual defende que a questão central para Paulo não é graça cristã versus legalismo judaico, mas o status dos gentios na Igreja.

Alan S. Bandy no biblioblog Café Apocalypsis escreveu:

Anyone even remotely interested in the new perspective on Paul must read the first chapter in James Dunn’s The New Perspective on Paul WUNT 185 (2005). His first chapter, “The New Perspective on Paul: whence, what, whither?,” occupies the first 88 pages. In this lengthy chapter, Dunn chronicles his own journey into Pauline theology and how he came to grapple with some difficult questions. Two formative works that he mentions include: Elizabeth and Paul Achtemeier’s article in the Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible and, of course, E. P. Sander’s work on Paul and Palestinian Judaism (…) I would encourage those interested to read this chapter. It was extremely well researched and surprisingly entertaining. Not that I agree with Dunn on everything, I was pleased with how he articulated his views and cleared up a voluminous amount of misunderstanding.

GRABBE, L. L. (ed.) Good Kings and Bad Kings: The Kingdom of Judah in the Seventh Century BCE. London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2005, 384 p. – ISBN 9780567082725.

According to the Bible, among the last kings of the kingdom of Judah was one of the most notorious kings-Manasseh-and one of the most righteous-Josiah. Are the accounts of their contrasting reigns anything more than the ideological creations of pious writers and editors? Does this juxtaposition of a ‘good king’ and a ‘bad king’ provide good historical information or only theological wishful thinking? In this volume the on-going discussions in the European Seminar on Methodology in Israel’s History have tackled the history of Judah in the seventh century BCE, with a focus on the reign of Josiah. Some essays survey the history and archaeology of Judah from Sennacherib to Nebuchadnezzar. Several examine the reign of Manasseh and address the question of whether it is ripe for re-evaluation. Others ask what we know of the reign of Josiah and, especially, what form his famous cult reform took or even whether it was historical. As always, the editor gives an introduction to the topic, with summaries of the contributions, plus a concluding summary of and personal perspective on the discussion. Contributors include such internationally known scholars as Rainer Albertz, Philip Davies, Axel Knauf, Nadav Na’aman, Marvin Sweeney, and Christoph Uehlinger

Reviews

“”Each scholar, across the spectrum of currrent thought about Israel’s history … does a superb job of rendering explicit the assumptions and methodological procedures with which he approaches the welter of material which must be considered when writing about this time in Judah’s history … the entire volume is strong” Expository Times” –

“Individual Reviews by Lester E. Grabbe and Francesca Stavrakopoulou in the International Review of Biblical Studies” – Intl. Review of Biblical Studies

“”The collection of essays provides a good overview of positions in the current debate on the usefulness (or lack thereof) of biblical and archaeological sources for the reconstruction of the history of seventh-century Judah.” 32.5 (2008)” – J.L.W. Schaper, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament

“”Each of the articles presented here is well written, scholarly, and thought provoking” John Engle, RBL 04/2006,” – John Engle, RBL

“”This volume is of keen interest not only for commentators on the book of Deuteronomy but also for those working on a literary history of the Pentateuch or a history of the Yahweh religion…Grabbe presents a very helpful volume that delivers a kind of candid shot of the debate on the history of seventh century B.C.E…. This volume contributes a good deal to this methodology.”” – Eckart Otto, RBL

Este é mais um livro que preciso analisar com tempo. É resultado das discussões do grupo que constitui o Seminário Europeu sobre Metodologia Histórica.

VAN SETERS, J. The Edited Bible: The Curious History of the Editor in Biblical Criticism. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2006, 448 p. – ISBN 9781575061122

Há uma noção geralmente aceita na pesquisa bíblica de que a Bíblia como a conhecemos hoje é o produto da edição e reedição desde seus estágios iniciais de composição até sua forma textual final, definitiva e canônica. Tão persistente tem sido essa ideia desde o surgimento da pesquisa crítica no século XVII e tão difundida se tornou em todos os aspectos dos estudos bíblicos que virtualmente não há reflexão sobre a validade dessa ideia (da Introdução).

Van Seters passa a pesquisar a história da ideia de edição, desde suas origens no mundo grego pré-helenístico, passando pelos tempos clássicos e medievais, até a era moderna. Ele discute e avalia as implicações da aceitação comum da edição e dos editores/redatores e conclui que essa vertente de pesquisa levou a sérios desvios nos tempos modernos.

There is a generally accepted notion in biblical scholarship that the Bible as we know it today is the product of editing from its earliest stages of composition through to its final, definitive and canonical textual form. So persistent has been this idea since the rise of critical study in the seventeenth century and so pervasive has it become in all aspects of biblical study that there is virtually no reflection on the validity of this idea (from the Introduction).

Van Seters proceeds to survey the history of the idea of editing, from its origins in the pre-Hellenistic Greek world, through Classical and Medieval times, into the modern era. He discusses and evaluates the implications of the common acceptance of editing and editors/redactors and concludes that this strand of scholarship has led to serious misdirection of research in modern times.

Sobre John Van Seters, leia mais na Ayrton’s Biblical Page em A História de Israel no debate atual (item 2: Van Seters reinventa o Javista)

GERSTENBERGER, E. S. Israel in der Perserzeit: 5. und 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2005, 416 Seiten. [Biblische Enzyklopädie: Band. 8]

Recebi este livro de meu amigo e colega Cássio Murilo Dias da Silva no dia 3 de fevereiro, na reunião dos Biblistas Mineiros, em Belo Horizonte, mas só agora tive tempo de apresentá-lo. E ainda terei que arranjar tempo para a leitura de suas quatrocentos e poucas páginas em alemão. Mas vale a pena. Por que?

Porque o livro trabalha a História de Israel na época persa, ou seja, nos séculos V e IV a.C. É um período dos mais importantes. É quando, segundo a maioria dos especialistas, se deu a formação de parte significativa da literatura bíblica (Bíblia Hebraica, claro!) e quando o judaísmo começou a definir as características que o marcariam nos séculos seguintes.

Também porque o autor, alemão, viveu alguns anos no Brasil, lecionando exegese em São Leopoldo, e se envolveu com as questões da Teologia da Libertação, como se pode ver na descrição abaixo, que transcrevo de sua página na Internet.

Além disso, o livro faz parte de uma coleção em 12 volumes sobre História de Israel, que está saindo desde 1996 em alemão, com o nome de Biblische Enzyklopädie [Enciclopédia Bíblica], dirigida por Walter Dietrich e Wolfgang Stegemann, e com a participação de grandes nomes da área.

Segue, em alemão, uma descrição do livro, como aparece na última capa:

Auch wenn die Perser im Alten Testament nur selten ausdrücklich erwähnt werden, hat doch die persische Periode (539 bis 331 v.Chr.) dem alten Israel eine neue Gestalt gegeben. Die Heiligen Schriften sind entstanden, die Grundlagen für die jüdisch-christliche Tradition wurden gelegt. Darum liefern – entgegen herkömmlichen Einschätzungen – persische Politik, Kultur und Religion gleichsam das Bühnenbild, vor dem die entstehende jüdische Gemeinschaft auftritt. Neben der persischen Geschichte und Geisteswelt beschreibt Gerstenberger diesen sich über 200 Jahre spannenden Abschnitt der Geschichte Israels, die damals entstandene biblische Literatur (historische, prophetische und poetische Schriften, namentlich die Psalmen) sowie wichtige theologische Entwicklungen (u.a. Gestalt und Kennzeichen der jüdischen Gemeinde, Monotheismus, neue Elemente der Weltgestaltung).

Dados Pessoais do Prof. Dr. Erhard S. Gerstenberger

O autor nasceu e viveu seus primeiros anos na região do Ruhr, Alemanha (cidades Duisburg e Rheinhausen). Estudou Teologia e teve como áreas secundárias Belas Artes e Política (entre 1952 e 1957). Viveu nos Estados Unidos entre 1959 e 1964, onde atuou como estudante e docente. De 1965 a 1975 foi Pastor em Essen-Frohnhausen. Atuou como professor no Brasil entre 1975 e 1981. De 1981 a 1984 foi professor na área de Antigo Testamento na Universidade Justus-Liebig em Giessen. Desde 1985 lecionou na Philipps-Universität em Marburg, aposentando-se em 1997.

1975-1981: Docente na área de Antigo Testamento na EST (Escola Superior de Teologia da IECLB) em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Aculturação junto ao CENFI no Rio de Janeiro. Fascinação com a Teologia da Libertação: Exegetas em intensivo diálogo com a Bíblia e a realidade atual. Igreja para os pobres. Orientação contextual (formação social) dos textos e dos intérpretes. A realidade do terceiro e do primeiro mundo são as duas faces da mesma moeda. Globalização: instumento de domínio dos países industrializados? Teologia precisa ser ecumênica e aspirar por justiça para todos.

Born and raised in the Ruhr-area (Duisburg). Study of Protestant Theology at universities of Marburg, Tübingen, Bonn, and the seminary of Wuppertal (1952-1979). Exchange student and teacher of Old Testament in the USA (1979-1984). Parish minister at Essen (Ruhr-area; 1965-1975). Professor of Old Testament at the Lutheran seminary of São Leopoldo, Brazil (1975-1981), at Giessen University (1981-1984) and Marburg University (1985-1997; oldest Protestant university, founded 1527 A.D.). Retired since Oct. 1st 1997.

Geboren und aufgewachsen im Ruhrgebiet (Duisburg – Rheinhausen). Studium der Ev. Theologie, Nebeninteressen Kunst, Politik (1952-1957). Als Student und Dozent in den USA (1959-1964). Pfarrer in Essen-Frohnhausen (1965-1975). Eheschließung mit Rita Buttgereit; drei Kinder: Bjoern, Dennis, Debora. Dozent in Brasilien (1975-1981). Professor für AT an der Justus-Liebig Universität Giessen (1981-1984), dann an der Philipps-Universität Marburg (1985-1997). Pensioniert seit 1. Oktober 1997.

Como anunciado aqui, saiu o novo livro de Israel Finkelstein e Neil Asher Silberman.

FINKELSTEIN, I.; SILBERMAN, N. A. David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible’s Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition. New York: The Free Press, 2006, 352 p. – ISBN 9780743243636

A editora oferece a seguinte descrição da obra:

The exploding number of discoveries of biblical archaeology – artifacts and texts found at hundreds of sites populated in the ancient Near East – have shed powerful beams of light on the characters and peoples in the Bible. Most of the resulting public controversies have focused on whether or not the history in the Bible is true. Yet ultimately, there are two larger questions that matter more: exactly how did the Bible evolve into its final form, over the centuries-long process of its compilation, and what does that history tell us about the traditions we have inherited and that still stamp our memories?

In David and Solomon, Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman, leading archaeologists and authors who have done a great deal to uncover and understand the breathtaking findings of their field, focus on the first two great kings of the Bible as a lens through which we can see the evolution of the entire biblical era. The Bible’s chapters and verses on David and his son were written in stages, over many hundreds of years, by authors living in very different circumstances. Thanks to a combination of textual analysis and archaeology, we now know a great deal about which parts of the story were written in which era, and why those particular societies might have added to the legend precisely as they did. In short, David and Solomon offers a guide to a thousand years of ancient civilization and the evolution of a tradition of kingly leadership that held sway throughout the West for much of our history.

The earliest folklore and verses about David depict a bandit leader, hiding in the mountains, leading a small gang of traveling raiders (which fits what we know of the ninth century B.C.E.). That bandit may well be the “true” David. In later periods, authors added images of David as a poet, as the founder of a great dynasty, as a political in-fighter, and (perhaps most famously) as a sinner. All of these images made sense for the authors who created them, and a similar evolution of Solomon from the builder of the Temple, to expander of his empire, to wise sage, to rich trader similarly reflects the successive stages of history up to the time of Jesus. Ultimately, David and Solomon came to embody a tradition of divinely inspired kings and even messiahs, the forerunners of Jesus and of the great kings of Europe throughout the Middle Ages.

David and Solomon shows how the stories built around two men reflect the very roots of the western tradition and explains a great deal of why the Bible appears as it does.

Mark Goodacre assinala no seu Mark Goodacre’s NT Blog este livro que merece ser melhor verificado. A obra é o resultado de um debate entre John Dominic Crossan e N. T. Wright que aconteceu no ano passado no New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary.

STEWART, Robert B. (ed.) The Resurrection of Jesus: John Dominic Crossan and N. T. Wright in Dialogue. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2005, 240 p.
A descrição da editora diz:

Two of today’s most important and popular New Testament scholars, John Dominic Crossan and N. T. Wright, here air their very different understandings of the historical reality and theological meaning of Jesus’ Resurrection. The book highlights points of agreement and disagreement between them and explores the many attendant issues. This book brings two leading lights in Jesus studies together for a long-overdue conversation with one another and with significant scholars from other disciplines. The contributors include: John Dominic Crossan, N. T. Wright, Robert Stewart, William Lane Craig, Craig Evans, R. Douglas Geivett, Gary Habermas, Ted Peters, Charles Quarles, Alan Segal.

Graças a Jim Davila no seu blog PaleoJudaica.com, tomei conhecimento deste livro que me parece, à primeira vista, muito interessante:

ESLER, Philip F. (ed.) Ancient Israel: The Old Testament In It’s Social Context. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2005, 438 p.

O livro traz os ensaios de uma conferência realizada em St. Andrews, Escócia, em 2004, conforme relata o mesmo Jim Davila.

O assunto é da maior importância: a reconstrução da sociedade israelita anterior ao século X a.C. Mas o livro de

MILLER II, Robert D. Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the Twelfth and Eleventh Centuries B.C. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2012, xix + 186 p.

gerou controvérsias pelo modo como o tema foi tratado e as conclusões a que o autor chegou. Robert D. Miller II é professor de Sagrada Escritura no Mount St. Mary’s Seminary, Emmitsburg, Maryland, USA.

Na página da editora Eerdmans se lê a seguinte apresentação da obra:

An illuminating social history of ancient Israel, Chieftains of the Highland Clans offers an unusually thorough and original reconstruction of Israelite society prior to the rise of the monarchy around 1000 B.C. Using the latest archaeological research and anthropological theories, Robert Miller presents an intriguing picture of what life was like in early Israel. Ethnographic evidence from diverse cultures suggests the “complex chiefdom” model as the most appropriate for the archaeology of twelfth-and eleventh-century highland Palestine. This model details the economic and political realities of prestate societies with ascribed rank and hierarchical political control. As he applies and fine-tunes the complex chiefdom model, Miller illustrates areas of potential correspondence and contradiction between his reconstruction and the biblical text. Students of archaeology, Palestine, and the Hebrew Bible will not want to miss Miller’s fresh and fascinating conclusions about the sociopolitical nature of early Israel.

Entretanto, duas resenhas publicadas agora em janeiro pela RBL são bem menos otimistas, reticentes até.

Veja o que conclui Diana Edelman, da Universidade de Sheffield, Sheffield, Reino Unido:

The main thesis is that ethnographic evidence from diverse cultures shows a probability that complex chiefdoms immediately preceded state formation and that this is likely to have been the case in the highlands of Palestine in the twelfth-eleventh centuries before the emergence of the state in the tenth-century BCE (…) This volume demonstrates for me how severely limited our knowledge of the central highlands in the Iron I period is; of 453 sites, less than twenty seem to have beenexcavated, and the exposure is extremely limited at some sites, such as Beitin and Tell el-Ful, or the site was problematically dug, such as el-Jib. As a result, I think it is still premature to attempt to establish the political configurations that existed at this time in this region, in the wake of the devolution of the Late Bronze city-states, not to mention the ethnic affiliation(s) of the locals. I have reservations about using sociopolitical models to fill in the many gaps in our data and knowledge, particularly when the archaeological correlates being used are not unique to a single type of political control. It is always useful to consider possibilities, but it is also necessary, under the present circumstances where so little information exists, to consider a range of possibilities and not lock ourselves into a single model.

Também Pekka Pitkänen, Universidade de Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, Reino Unido, vai dizer que:

I am personally unconvinced of the validity of the chieftain model in all its aspects, based on the presentation (…) As Miller himself acknowledges, the archaeological data is not plentiful enough to make clear conclusions about various aspects of the model(s) used. Having said this and the criticisms above, I found interesting the ideas that/how bigger sites would/could dominate smaller sites, the possible hierarchical layers of power that can be identified, and possible social and societal interactions. I also think that building the model as Miller has done has been a worthwhile effort, even if the question of whether and to what extent the model is representative of ancient reality is not all that certain. This is altogether a worthwhile book in opening a discussion for reconstructing societal structures based on settlement patterns in the Israelite highlands in interaction with theories that try to estimate societal structures and interactions through a complex chiefdom model.

O autor usa, entre outros recursos teóricos, o Gravity Model which estimates how goods move between the differing social strata of a complex chiefdom…