linguas

O curso de hebraico continua sendo reescrito.

Confira aqui e aqui.

Quantas tabuinhas cuneiformes da antiga Mesopotâmia os museus possuem? Onde estão?

Não há uma contagem oficial do número de tabuinhas cuneiformes da antiga Mesopotâmia mantidas por museus do mundo todo, mas os especialistas concordam que há cerca de meio milhão.

O maior acervo, de longe, está em poder do British Museum, em Londres, que possui aproximadamente 130 mil tabuinhas cuneiformes.

Em seguida, em ordem aproximadamente decrescente, estão o Museu Vorderasiatisches de Berlim, o Louvre em Paris, o Museu do Antigo Oriente em Istambul, o Museu de Bagdá e a Coleção Babilônica da Universidade de Yale, que, com 40.000 tabuinhas, tem o maior acervo nos Estados Unidos. Em segundo lugar, nos Estados Unidos, está o Museu de Arqueologia e Antropologia da Universidade da Pensilvânia.

There is no official tally of the number of ancient Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets held by the world’s museums, but experts agree that there are roughly half a million. The largest collection by far is in the possession of the British Museum, in London, which has approximately 130,000 of them. Next, in roughly descending order, are Berlin’s Vorderasiatisches Museum, the Louvre in Paris, the Museum of Ancient Orient in Istanbul, the Baghdad Museum and Yale University’s Babylonian Collection, which, with 40,000 tablets, has the largest holding in the United States. A close second is the University of Pennsylvania’s Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.

:: A Short History of Proto-Cuneiform
The earliest true script in man’s history emerged at the end of the fourth millennium B.C. in ancient Babylonia, the southern part of today’s Iraq… The most prominent archaeological site of the Late Uruk period is the ancient city of Uruk.

:: The Origins of Writing
Recent archaeological research indicates that the origin and spread of writing may be more complex than previously thought. Complex state systems with proto-cuneiform writing on clay and wood may have existed in Syria and Turkey as early as the mid-fourth millennium B.C. If further excavations in these areas confirm this assumption, then writing on clay tablets found at Uruk would constitute only a single phase of the early development of writing. The Uruk archives may reflect a later period when writing “took off” as the need for more permanent accounting practices became evident with the rapid growth of large cities with mixed populations at the end of the fourth millennium B.C. Clay became the preferred medium for recording bureaucratic items as it was abundant, cheap, and durable in comparison to other mediums. Initially, a reed or stick was used to draw pictographs and abstract signs into moistened clay. Some of the earliest pictographs are easily recognizable and decipherable, but most are of an abstract nature and cannot be identified with any known object. Over time, pictographic representation was replaced with wedge-shaped signs, formed by impressing the tip of a reed or wood stylus into the surface of a clay tablet. Modern (nineteenth-century) scholars called this type of writing cuneiform after the Latin term for wedge, cuneus.

:: Cuneiform Collections
Since their discovery some 150 years ago cuneiform tablets have been discovered in both controlled and un-controlled excavations, and have been dispersed across the globe.

:: Cunéiforme
L’écriture cunéiforme est un système d’écriture mis au point en Basse Mésopotamie entre 3400 et 3200 av. J.-C., qui s’est par la suite répandu dans tout le Proche-Orient ancien, avant de disparaître dans les premiers siècles de l’ère chrétienne.

:: Proto-Cuneiform – Earliest Form of Writing on Planet Earth
The earliest proto-cuneiform comes from the earliest layers at the temple of Eanna in Uruk, dated to the Uruk IV period, about 3200 BC.

:: List of museums of ancient Near Eastern art
This is a list of museums with major art collections from the Ancient Near East. British Museum, London, UK. 290,000 objects; Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin, Germany. 250,000 objects…

:: A cultura cuneiforme
RADNER, K. ; ROBSON, E. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, 805 p. – ISBN 9780199557301.

Leia Mais:
Histórias do Antigo Oriente Médio: uma bibliografia

No dia 4 deste mês escrevi em uma nota:

Cheguei à conclusão de que preciso atualizar o meu curso de hebraico, o Noções de Hebraico Bíblico, que está disponível para download em html e que uso nas aulas de hebraico do primeiro ano de Teologia. Por que?

:. Está muito saturado: transliteração, tabelas coloridas, análise de cada palavra de Gn 1,1-8 nas tabelas… algumas coisas nunca são utilizadas nas aulas e podem ser eliminadas

:. Está em página estática tradicional feita inicialmente no Microsoft FrontPage. Precisa ir para WordPress

:. Está com fonte proprietária do BibleWorks. Precisa ir para Unicode

:. Não é adaptado a dispositivos móveis. Precisa ser. Cerca de de 1/3 dos acessos atuais são em smartphones e similares

Ainda estou lá pelo meio da tarefa, mas os interessados já podem acessar o novo formato clicando aqui.

O download do formato antigo continua disponível.

Leia Mais:
Língua Hebraica Bíblica 2017

Precisa escrever textos em hebraico bíblico?

Há boas opções de teclados.

Para um teclado virtual online, considero o Lexilogos uma boa opção.

E há, nesta página, teclados para outras línguas.

Leia Mais:
Fontes Unicode para Hebraico e Grego em 2017

Já publiquei vários posts sobre isso. Mas eles vão ficando desatualizados. Por isso, novamente, recomendo alguns links de 2010 para cá e as valiosas considerações de quem conhece. Estão no blog Biblical Studies and Technological Tools:

:: Google Noto Fonts: No more tofu – Monday, October 10, 2016

:: Fonts and Keyboards for Biblical Languages… again – Friday, June 12, 2015

:: SBL releases new SBL BibLit font! – Monday, September 23, 2013

:: SBL 2012 Session: Using SBL Fonts – Sunday, November 18, 2012

:: Greek and Hebrew on Google Drive and Android – Friday, September 21, 2012

:: Hebrew Legacy Fonts Converters – Sunday, June 20, 2010

Veja também:

Como escrever em grego e hebraico?

ROTH, M. T. (ed.) The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (CAD). Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1956-2010. 

An encyclopedic dictionary of all dialects of Akkadian by a team of noted scholars of Akkadian. Each volume covers a “letter” of the Akkadian phonetic inventory. The first volume appeared in 1956, and the last in 2010. The Chicago Assyrian Dictionary (CAD) has become an invaluable source for the study of the civilizations of the ancient Near East, their political and cultural history, their achievements in the sciences of medicine, astronomy, mathematics, linguistics, and the timeless beauty of their poetry.

Download gratuito de todos os volumes. Se preferir o impresso, clique aqui.

Martha T. Roth, the Chauncey S. Boucher Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations and the Oriental Institute; Dean of the Division of the Humanities; and Editor-in-Charge, Chicago Assyrian Dictionary.

Leia Mais:
Histórias do Antigo Oriente Médio: uma bibliografia

BLACK, J. ; GEORGE, A. ; POSTGATE, N. (eds.) A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. 2. ed. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2000, 474 p. – ISBN 9783447042253.

A reliable student’s dictionary of Akkadian. All dialects are covered.

Jeremy Allen Black (1951 – 2004) was a leading Assyriologist, master of Sumerian literature, and Oxford University Lecturer.

Andrew R. George (born 1955) is Professor of Babylonian at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, UK.

Nicholas Postgate (born 1945) was Professor of Assyriology at the University of Cambridge, UK.

Leia Mais:
Histórias do Antigo Oriente Médio: uma bibliografia

HUEHNERGARD, J. A Grammar of Akkadian. 3. ed. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2011, XLII + 660 p. – ISBN 9781575069418.

A comprehensive introduction to the Old Babylonian form of Akkadian, with exercises in cuneiform and in transliteration from a variety of text genres. John Huehnergard is Professor at Department of Middle Eastern Studies, The University of Texas at Austin, USA.

EDZARD, D. O. Sumerian Grammar. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003, 191 p. – ISBN  9781589832527.

This comprehensive grammar by one of the leading authorities on Sumerian is an up-to-date presentation of the language. Dietz Otto Edzard (1930-2004) was a Professor at Institut für Assyriologie und Hethitologie, University of Munich, Germany.

Leia Mais:
Histórias do Antigo Oriente Médio: uma bibliografia

Uma interessante bibliografia comentada sobre as línguas do Antigo Oriente Médio.

Languages of the Ancient Near East: An Annotated Bibliography

John Huehnergard and Na’ama Pat-El, The University of Texas at Austin

Academia.edu – October, 2012

Introduction

Writing began in the Near East, almost simultaneously in ancient Sumer in Mesopotamia and in Egypt in the late fourth millennium, and the texts of those societies constitute humanity’s earliest written records. The languages covered in this bibliography span the period from the beginning of writing up to the creation of the biblical canon around the first century CE. Most of these languages are extinct, although a few, such as Aramaic, Hebrew, and Arabic continue to be spoken in parts of the modern Middle East. The languages are grouped according to language family, beginning with the most widely attested of the families, Afro-Asiatic, and its two ancient branches, the Semitic languages and Egyptian; these are followed by the Indo-European languages for which there is documentation in the ancient Near East; finally a few well-attested ancient languages that are not part of any known language family are presented. Some of the  languages are very well attested; there are, for example, about a million cuneiform tablets in the Sumerian and Akkadian languages, in a wide range of genres. Other languages, such as Phoenician, are more sparsely attested, their grammar and vocabulary correspondingly less well known.