As descobertas mais importantes da arqueologia israelense

ToI asks the experts: What are the most important finds of Israeli archaeology? – By Amanda Borschel-Dan – Times of Israel: April 19, 2018

From Dead Sea Scrolls to space-age tech, the dramatic history of the ever-developing field is indelibly entwined with that of the nation itself

Grutas de Qumran

Observa hoje Jim Davila em seu blog PaleoJudaica:

This article is not another top-ten list. It is much more nuanced and sophisticated. You should read it all.

Este artigo não é apenas outra lista das dez mais importantes descobertas feitas por arqueólogos israelenses. É muito mais elaborado. Vale a pena a leitura.

Iahweh e Asherá em Kuntillet ‘Ajrud

A descoberta é da década de 70 do século XX, mas o debate sobre o seu significado continua.

A Strange Drawing Found in Sinai Could Undermine Our Entire Idea of Judaism

Is that a 3,000-year-old picture of god, his penis and his wife depicted by early Jews at Kuntillet Ajrud?

By Nir Hasson – Haaretz: Apr 04, 2018

 

Em Kuntillet 'Ajrud: Iahweh e Asherá?

More than four decades after its excavation wound down, a small hill in the Sinai Desert continues to bedevil archaeologists. The extraordinary discoveries made at Kuntillet Ajrud, an otherwise nondescript slope in the northern Sinai, seem to undermine one of the foundations of Judaism as we know it.

Then, it seems, “the Lord our God” wasn’t “one God.” He may have even had a wife, going by the completely unique “portrait” of the Jewish deity that archaeologists found at the site, which may well be the only existing depiction of YHWH.

Kuntillet Ajrud got its name, meaning “the isolated hill of the water sources,” from wells at the foot of the hill. It is a remote spot in the heart of the desert, far from any town or or trade route. But for a short time around 3,000 years ago, it served as a small way station.

Dozens of drawings and inscriptions, resembling nothing whatever found anywhere else in our region, survived from that period, which seems to have lasted no longer than two or three decades. Egypt gained the artifacts with the peace treaty with Israel 25 years ago, but the release of the report on the excavation six years ago and a book about the site two years ago have kept the argument over the exceptional findings from the hill in Sinai alive.

Selo, sinete, bula: usos e significados

O que dizem os dicionários? Consultando o Aurélio e o Houaiss

Selo
Vem do latim sigillum, i “marca pequena”

1. Peça, geralmente metálica, na qual se gravaram armas, divisa ou assinaturas, e que se usa para imprimir sobre certos papéis, com o fim de validá-los ou autenticá-los.

2. Carimbo, sinete, chancela

3. Marca estampada por carimbo, sinete, chancela ou máquina de franquear; estampilha

Sinete
Vem do francês signet “sinete, selo”

1. Utensílio gravado em alto ou baixo-relevo, utilizado para imprimir no papel, no lacre etc, assinatura, monograma, brasão etc, de uma instituição ou pessoa

2. A própria gravação de tal marca; chancela

3. Carimbo

4. Marca, sinal

5. Timbre

Bula
Vem do latim bulla, ae “bolha, sinete, selo”

Selo ou sinete que se prendia a um documento atestando-lhe a autenticidade

Algumas imagens

Imagens de selos e bulas do Antigo Oriente Médio

Imagens de selos cilíndricos do Antigo Oriente Médio

Selos no Antigo Oriente Médio

Diferentes tipos de selo eram usados no Antigo Oriente Médio. Feitos de materiais duráveis, como pedras semipreciosas, eram pequenos, medindo poucos centímetros. Entalhados com gravuras e/ou escrita eles produziam uma imagem reversa quando prensados sobre placas de argila ou outro material macio. O resultado era a bula, ou marca estampada pelo selo. Eram usados como uma assinatura, serviam para fechar, marcar, autenticar objetos ou documentos. Muitos selos eram presos ao corpo do proprietário por um cordão ou gravados em um anel.

Os selos cilíndricos com figuras eram típicos da Mesopotâmia. Imprimiam a figura quando rolados sobre um material macio. Os selos de estampa em forma de escaravelho são característicos do Egito. Israel usava selos de estampa com figuras ou escrita ou com figura e escrita.

A escrita, com frequência, traz o nome do proprietário do selo seguido pelo nome do pai (Pertencente a fulano, [filho de] sicrano). Mencionar o nome do pai ajudava a identificar o proprietário. Ou traz o ofício do proprietário, especialmente no caso de altos funcionários da corte (Pertencente a fulano, servo de sicrano).

Centenas de selos foram encontrados em Israel. São, em sua maioria, dos séculos VIII a VI a.C. Poucos são de época exílica e pós-exílica. Muitos dos nomes próprios são conhecidos através da Bíblia, mas há uma quantidade significativa de novos nomes. Isto faz dos selos a mais importante fonte extrabíblica para o conhecimento de nomes de pessoas da época monárquica em Israel.

A Bíblia menciona os selos vez ou outra, como em Ex 28,11 (Como faz quem trabalha a pedra para a incisão de um selo), Eclo 45,11 (Pedras preciosas gravadas em forma de selo), Jó 38,14 (Transforma-se como argila debaixo do sinete), Gn 38,18 (Ele perguntou: “Que penhor te darei?” E ela respondeu: “O teu selo, com teu cordão e o cajado que seguras.” Ele lhos deu e foi com ela, que dele concebeu), Ct 8,6 (Coloca-me, como sinete sobre teu coração, como sinete em teu braço. Pois o amor é forte, é como a morte…), Jr 32,9-15 (v. 10: Redigi, então, o contrato e o selei…; v. 14: Toma esses documentos, esse contrato de compra, o exemplar selado e a cópia aberta, e coloca-os em um vaso de argila para que se conservem por muito tempo), Ag 2,23 (e farei de ti como um sinete) etc.

Bibliografia recomendada

AVIGAD, N. Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals. Revised and completed by Benjamin Sass. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1997, 640 p. + 1217 figuras – ISBN 9789652081384.

ROLLSTON, C. Seals and Scarabs. The New Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible. Volume 5. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2009, p. 141-146. Disponível online.

SEEVERS, B. ; KORHONEN, R. Seals in Ancient Israel and the Near East: Their Manufacture, Use, and Apparent Paradox of Pagan Symbolism. NEASB 61, 2016, p. 1-17. Disponível online.

CDLI:wiki [recurso online]:
Seals and sealings in the ancient Near East
Major collections of seals
Resources for seals and sealings

Mais sobre o selo de Isaías

Scholars should remind the media that the best constructs of the data are usually the result of a slow, methodical, scholarly process… (Christopher A. Rollston)

Isaiah bulla from Ophel, Jerusalem, with hypothetical identification of other letters by Eilat Mazar (Illustration: Reut Livyatan Ben-Arie/© Eilat Mazar; Photo by Ouria Tadmor/© Eilat Mazar)

Recomendo os textos de Christopher A. Rollston, da Universidade George Washington, Washington, D.C., USA:

:. The Putative Bulla of Isaiah the Prophet: Not so Fast – 22 February 2018

The Old Hebrew bulla excavated by Dr. Eilat Mazar, and published in Biblical Archaeology Review (March-May 2018) in an article entitled _Is this the Prophet Isaiah’s Signature(pages 65-73, notes on page 92) is of much interest.

Numerous stamp seals and bullae have been discovered in the Iron Age Levant. For a synopsis of the use and significance, see the article entitled “Seals and Scarabs” (Volume 5, pages 141-146 in _The New Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible_, Nashville, Abingdon Press, 2009, available via my www.academia.edu page).

This new bulla consists of three registers. Much of the top portion of this bulla is missing (including much of the top register), so the bulla is not fully preserved. The first register has no legible letters (although some iconography is preserved). The second register of the bulla reads “L-yš‘yh[w].” The third register has three preserved letters: “nby.”

Although cautious, it is stated in the press release and in the article itself that this bulla (a lump of clay that has been impressed by a seal) may say “Belonging to Isaiah the Prophet” (note that the lamed [L] at the beginning of the bulla is best translated “belonging to,” and the personal name after this lamed is the personal name “Isaiah” (with the Yahwistic theophoric mostly preserved). The third register, as noted, has the letters nby. Note also that the first the two Hebrew consonants for the word “prophet” are nun and bet, that is, nb).

It would be nice if this bulla did refer to the prophet Isaiah of the Bible, but it would not be wise to assume that this bulla definitely reads that way or that it definitely refers to Isaiah the prophet. In this regard, I very much applaud Dr. Mazar for not assuming that this bulla is definitively that of Isaiah the prophet. That is, the operative word is “may.”

In any case, here are briefly some of the reasons for my methodological caution regarding the assumption that this is a bulla associated with Isaiah the Judean prophet of the eighth century:

:. The Isaiah Bulla from Jerusalem: 2.0 – 23 February 2018

The Old Hebrew bulla excavated by Dr. Eilat Mazar, and published in Biblical Archaeology Review (March-May 2018) in an article entitled _Is this the Prophet Isaiah’s Signature(pages 65-73, notes on page 92) is of much interest, as noted in my previous post on this subject.

Date: this inscription putatively dates to the 8th century or the early 7th century. That is, I would emphasize that the script is the script of the late 8th or early 7th century BCE, and there is no way to be more precise than that. And, of course, the archaeological context is not such that the date can be stated to be only the 8th century. Ultimately, a date in the late 8th century is permissible, but so is a date in the early- to mid- 7th century. We must be candid about that.

In any case, within this post, I wish to emphasize certain things that I mentioned in the previous post and also especially to flesh out some of the possibilities for the second word, that is, word, or word fragment, that is present on the third register: nun, bet, yod. As with my previous post, this will be done in brief. I will publish a full journal article on this bulla at a later date in the near future. In any case, my view is that this second word could be a patronymic (in which case this bulla is certainly not Isaiah the Prophet’s as his father was Amoz), a title, or a gentilic.

:. The ‘Isaiah Bulla’ and the Putative Connection with Biblical Isaiah: 3.0 – 26 February 2018

I here posting some additional details about this bulla, especially regarding the three letters on the third register, heavily incorporating data from my previous two blog posts. Note that this third blog post is the basis for a forthcoming article in a traditional publication venue (i.e., a print publication, rather than just a blog).

(…)

Discussion of Bulla
__
Material: Impressed Clay.

Condition of Bulla: Partially Broken.

Reading of Bulla: First Register: Partially broken, fragmentary iconograhic element; Second Register: L-yš‘yh[w]; Third Register: nby. Note the absence of bn “son of” (but note that this morpheme is sometimes absent from patronymics in the epigraphic record).

Thus, the bulla reads “Yešayahu, nby”

NB: The word that follows the first personal name on a seal (and, thus, a bulla) is normally: a patronymic, a gentilic (descriptor), or a title.
__
Date: this inscription putatively dates to the 8th century or the early 7th century. That is, I would emphasize that the script is the script of the late 8th or early 7th century BCE, and there is no way to be more precise than that. And, of course, the archaeological context is not such that the date can be stated to be only the 8th century. Ultimately, a date in the late 8th century is permissible, but so is a date in the early 7th century.
__
Potential Problems with understanding nby on the third register as prophet, that is, potential problems with assuming that the third register is to be understood as reading: nby[’]:

Leia Mais:
Isaías o profeta? Provavelmente não
Entrevista com Eilat Mazar

Isaías o profeta? Provavelmente não

Estudiosos agem de modo irresponsável quando encorajam reportagens sensacionalistas da mídia. Mesmo sendo mais tarde desmentidas, para muitas pessoas, determinadas hipóteses já se transformaram em certeza.

Isaiah bulla from Ophel, Jerusalem, with hypothetical identification of other letters by Eilat Mazar (Illustration: Reut Livyatan Ben-Arie/© Eilat Mazar; Photo by Ouria Tadmor/© Eilat Mazar)

Em Jerusalém, uma descoberta recente de um selo com o nome “Isaías”. Polêmica e sensacionalismo. Uma boa síntese, fotos e links podem ser vistos em:

Why “Isaiah” of the Isaiah Bulla is not the Prophet Isaiah – Deane Galbraith – Remnant of Giants: February 24, 2018

Artigo da arqueóloga Eilat Mazar:

Is This the Prophet Isaiah’s Signature? – By Eilat Mazar – Biblical Archaeology Review 44:2, March/April May/June 2018

Bloggers on the Isaiah Bulla – Jim Davila: PaleoJudaica.com – February 25, 2018

Leia Mais:
Perguntas mais frequentes sobre o profeta Isaías

Israel Finkelstein fala sobre arqueologia e história

 A Proper Answer: Reflections on Archaeology, Archaeologists and Biblical Historiography

By Israel Finkelstein

ANEToday is pleased to present comments by noted archaeologist Israel Finkelstein, delivered at a joint session of ASOR and the Society of Biblical Literature titled “Rethinking Israel” (Boston, November 2017). The session honored Professor Finkelstein’s many contributions and presented him with a festschrift, Rethinking Israel, Studies in the History and Archaeology of Ancient Israel in Honor of Israel Finkelstein, edited by Oded Lipschits, Yuval Gadot, and Matthew Adams.

LIPSCHITS, O. ; GADOT, Y. ; ADAMS, M. (eds.) Rethinking Israel: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Ancient Israel in Honor of Israel Finkelstein. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2017

I wonder what is going on? Does standing here in front of you, in a joint session of ASOR and SBL, which celebrates Rethinking Israel, mean that I have been “institutionalized”? This is a terrifying, compromising moment, which I can hardly contain. The whole thing is probably a mistake and therefore I am going to do my best this evening in order to de-institutionalize myself.

I have been in the field for 46 years, I have taught for 41 years and from the book that we are celebrating today, I learn that my academic record is not the worst, which means that I have earned my right to reflect on archaeology and archaeologists. Since this is a joint session of ASOR and SBL, and in order to comply with much of the contents of the book, I will put the spotlight on biblical historiography. I know that the event calls for me to behave myself and play the nice guy. Indeed, I will do my best to keep it light, but you cannot expect me, the man who has been described for so many years as an enfant terrible, to suddenly become a stately gentleman.

(…)

In the field of archaeology of Israel and neighboring regions in the Bronze and Iron Ages, my ultimate goal is reconstructing history. I therefore see myself as a “historian practicing archaeology.” One of my closest associates has made a career of describing himself as a technician who brings the dry facts of archaeology to the high court of history and historians. Well, I have never been a technician and if there is a high court, I am confident enough to be a member of the jury. So, with all due respect to changes in the shape of the cooking pot’s rim, whether it is everted or inverted, this is not a topic worthy of devoting one’s life (at least my life) to. Of course, unless the cooking pot sheds light on something bigger in material culture, which in turn leads to better understanding of historical processes.

(…)

I see myself as being lucky on three fronts: to deal with the archaeology of such an important region, to focus on important periods related to the rise of Judeo-Christian civilization, and because of timing. Speaking about timing, I reached the frontline of research into the history of Ancient Israel when the traditional fortress of biblical archaeology started crumbling, enabling one to think differently and freely without being crushed by “authority” – the Thought Police. Many of us were there when the time was ripe; only some of us grabbed the opportunity. Make no mistake, there were endless attempts to stop me and others like me, with all sorts of “tricks and schticks,” some funny and others less so.

(…)

Let me caution you about the three types of academics in our field who are the most menacing to research. First among them is the one who selects the data in advance in order to serve his/her agenda. Here is the modus operandi: Identify a problem, usually a theme central to biblical research; lament how disputed it is and say that you are coming with no agenda – just to look at the facts. Select the data in advance, in order to give you the desired results and then conduct your “study.” Oops – believe it or not – the results fit what you wished to prove from the outset.

Then there is the cultureless ignorant, who boasts about his/her ignorance. Here is how to operate: Make sure that you read nothing and know nothing. Don’t be ashamed of your ignorance; to the contrary, make it the flagship of your work. Endlessly repeat your ignorance in the most provocative way possible. Remember that those whom you are catering to do not care about your ignorance as long as you give them what they want to hear.

Finally, there is the Authority academic who delivers the ideas of others. Here is the mode of operation: Identify a topic in the forefront of research, preferably to do with Ancient Israel. You have little to say, so look for a scholar whose ideas you like. In order not to be accused of plagiarism, attack the author viciously, but then, with a sophisticated twist, sell his/her ideas as your own in a pompous manner. Present yourself as a critical scholar, but cater to church and synagogue.

Leia Mais:
Israel Finkelstein

Imagem multiespectral ajuda arqueologia

What Is Multispectral Imaging And How Is It Changing Archaeology And Digital Humanities Today? By Sarah Bond – Forbes: Nov 30, 2017

What is multispectral imaging and how is the technology changing the face of archaeology, art history and digital humanities today? The non-invasive digital technique is making the past visible in ways we never thought possible.

In the world of archaeology and art history, even objects that have long been known to the world are now providing new information for researchers. This is in part due to an approach called multispectral imaging (MSI). Multispectral imaging first began as bulky and expensive remote sensing equipment used by high-tech astronomy labs like those at NASA interested in planetary science and mapping mineral deposits.

Improvements to sensors and apertures have downsized MSI technology and made it more cost-efficient in recent years. Consequently, the technique has become a more regularized part of the fields of digital archaeology and art preservation as a novel means of revealing hidden materials, pigments and inks that the naked eye alone cannot decipher.

The approach detects electromagnetic infrared radiation wavelengths and melds between three and five spectral imaging bands into one optical system. As Haida Liang, a professor at Nottingham Trent University and the Head of the Imaging & Sensing for Archaeology, Art History & Conservation (ISAAC) research group has noted, MSI can take three visible images in blue, green and red and can combine them with an infrared image and an X-ray image of an object in order to reveal minute hints of pigment. It can even reveal hidden drawings, stains or writings underneath various layers of paint or grime.

In a new paper studying a Hebrew ostracon from 600 BCE, the promise of MSI is exemplified. In antiquity, ceramic pot sherds were often used as a kind of scrap paper; however, the ink used on these ceramics can often fade, blur and become illegible. Professors at Tel-Aviv University led by mathematician and imaging specialist Shira Faigenbaum-Golovin used MSI on a number of ostraca predominantly from the southern Beer Sheba Valley and Jerusalem. Most dated to the time of the Kingdom of Judah (ca. 600 BCE) and one in particular revealed an amusing if familiar request of the writer: “If there is any wine, send [quantity].”

As the Tel-Aviv University researchers noted, MSI holds the potential to help us reconstruct the past in new ways: “These examples demonstrate that at least some of the ostraca have ink traces invisible to the naked eye that are detectable by MS photography. They also indicate that in certain cases MS imaging can provide good results even decades after excavation despite overall ink deterioration.”

Livro em homenagem a Israel Finkelstein

LIPSCHITS, O. ; GADOT, Y. ; ADAMS, M. (eds.) Rethinking Israel: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Ancient Israel in Honor of Israel Finkelstein. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2017, 520 p. – ISBN 9781575067872.

LIPSCHITS, O. ; GADOT, Y. ; ADAMS, M. (eds.) Rethinking Israel: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Ancient Israel in Honor of Israel Finkelstein. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2017

Israel Finkelstein is perhaps the best-known Israeli archaeologist in the world. Renowned for his innovative and ground-breaking research, he has written and edited more than 20 books and published more than 300 academic papers. He has served as the director of the Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology and is the Jacob M. Alkow Professor of Archeology in the Bronze and Iron Age at Tel Aviv University. For the past two decades, he has been co-director of the Megiddo Expedition and is currently co-director of the Mission archéologique de Qiryat-Yéarim.

His work has greatly changed the face of archaeological and historical research of the biblical period. His unique ability to see the comprehensive big picture and formulate a broad framework has inspired countless scholars to reexamine long-established paradigms. His trail-blazing work covering every period from the beginning of the Early Bronze Age through the Hasmonean period, while sometimes controversial, has led to a creative new approach that connects archaeology with history, the social sciences, and the natural and life sciences.

Professor Finkelstein is the recipient of the prestigious 2005 Dan David Prize for his radical revision of the history of Israel in the 10th and 9th centuries BCE. In 2009, he was named Chevalier de l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Minister of Culture, and in 2010 received an honorary doctorate from the University of Lausanne. He is a member of the selection committee of the Shanghai Archaeology Forum, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. In 2014, his book The Forgotten Kingdom was awarded the esteemed Prix Delalande-Guérineau by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in Paris.

This volume, dedicated to Professor Finkelstein’s accomplishments and contributions, features 36 articles written by his colleagues, friends, and students in honor of his decades of scholarship and leadership in the field of biblical archaeology.

Leia Mais:
Israel Finkelstein

Betsaida foi encontrada?

A cidade dos 3 apóstolos? – Por Reinaldo José Lopes 08/08/2017 11:29 – Darwin e Deus

Betsaida, a antiga cidade judaica na qual teriam nascido três dos 12 apóstolos (Pedro, André e Filipe), perto de onde Jesus teria realizado o célebre milagre da multiplicação dos pães e dos peixes, foi identificada nas margens do mar da Galileia, segundo um grupo de arqueólogos israelenses liderados por Mordechai Aviam, da Faculdade Kinneret.

As informações são do jornal israelense “Haaretz”. Segundo Aviam, a peça do quebra-cabeças que faltava para identificar Betsaida acaba de ser desenterrada por sua equipe: restos de uma casa de banhos do período inicial do domínio do Império Romano na região (do século 1º ao século 3º d.C.), bem como cacos de cerâmica dessa época e algumas moedas, entre elas um denário de prata datado do reinado do imperador Nero (em torno do ano 65 d.C.). Ironicamente, a tradição cristã diz que Nero foi o responsável por ordenar a execução do próprio Pedro em Roma.

A informação de que Betsaida era a cidade natal dos irmãos Pedro e André e também do apóstolo Filipe vem do Evangelho de João; por outro lado, a associação entre o local e o milagre da multiplicação dos pães aparece de forma mais clara no Evangelho de Lucas.

Acredita-se que a cidade, originalmente um vilarejo de pescadores, teria ganhado obras públicas, como a casa de banhos, durante o governo de Filipe, filho do temido rei Herodes, o Grande. Para homenagear a esposa do imperador romano Augusto, Filipe teria rebatizado a cidade, dando-lhe o nome oficial de “Julias”.

A identificação do local com a Betsaida dos apóstolos só não é 100% segura porque há algumas divergências entre as informações do Novo Testamento e as trazidas pelo historiador judeu Flávio Josefo. É que os evangelistas da Bíblia localizam Betsaida na região da Galileia, terra onde Jesus cresceu, do lado oeste do mar, enquanto Josefo considera que a cidade pertencia à Gaulanítide, do lado leste do mar da Galileia. É concebível que existissem duas localidades com o nome de Betsaida naquela época.

 

The Lost Home of Jesus’ Apostles Has Just Been Found, Archaeologists Say – Noa Shpigel and Ruth Schuster: Aug 08, 2017 10:45 AM – Haaretz

Archaeologists think they may have found the lost Roman city of Julias, the home of three apostles of Jesus: Peter, Andrew and Philip (John 1:44; 12:21). A multi-layered site discovered on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee, in the Bethsaida Valley Nature Reserve, is the spot, the team believes.

The key discovery is of an advanced Roman-style bathhouse. That in and of itself indicates that there had been a city there, not just a fishing village, Dr. Mordechai Aviam of Kinneret College told Haaretz.

None other than the Jewish historian Josephus Flavius – in fact the only source describing this city’s existence – wrote that the Jewish monarch King Philip Herod, son of the great vassal King Herod, transformed Bethsaida, which had been a Jewish fishing village, into a real Roman polis (Ant. 18:28. Though whether it was built on Bethsaida, or by it, remains unknown.)

Philip flatteringly renamed the city “Julias” after Livia Drusilla, who after marriage would become known as Julia Augusta, the mother of the Roman Emperor Tiberius.

“Josephus reported that the king had upgraded Bethsaida from a village into a polis, a proper city,” Aviam says meticulously. “He didn’t say it had been built on or beside or underneath it. And indeed, all this time, we have not known where it was. But the bathhouse attests to the existence of urban culture.”

Leia Mais:
Bethsaida Controversy

Um guia para a arqueologia do Antigo Oriente Médio

POTTS, D. T.  (ed.) A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. 2 vols. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012, 1500 p. – ISBN 9781405189880.
 

POTTS, D. T.  (ed.) A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. 2 vols. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012, 1500 p.

 A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East is a comprehensive and authoritative overview of ancient material culture from the late Pleistocene to Late Antiquity. This expansive two-volume work includes sixty new essays from an international community of Ancient Near East scholars. With coverage extending from Asia Minor, the eastern Mediterranean and Egypt to the Caucasus, Central Asia and the Indo-Iranian borderlands, the book highlights the enormous variation in cultural developments across roughly 11,000 years of human endeavor. In addition to chapters devoted to specific regions and particular periods, a large number of chapters present individual industries and major themes in ancient Near Eastern archaeology, ranging from metallurgy and agriculture to irrigation and fishing. Controversial issues, including the nature and significance of the antiquities market, ethical considerations in archaeological praxis, the history of the foundation of departments of antiquities and ancient attitudes towards the past, make this a unique collection of studies that will be of interest to scholars, students and interested readers alike. Daniel T. Potts is Professor at Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University, USA.

Esta obra em dois volumes oferece, em cinquenta e oito ensaios assinados por especialistas, uma visão abrangente e competente da cultura material do Antigo Oriente Médio ao longo de 11 mil anos.

 Daniel T. Potts

Leia Mais:
Histórias do Antigo Oriente Médio: uma bibliografia