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TALON, Ph. The Standard Babylonian Creation Myth Enuma Elish. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, 2005, 140 p. – ISBN  9789521013287.

The purpose of this book is to give the Assyriological community a pedagogic edition of one of the most important literary texts in the Akkadian language, known since antiquity as Enuma Elish. Philippe Talon: Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.

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Histórias do Antigo Oriente Médio: uma bibliografia

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PRITCHARD, J. B. (ed.) Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (ANET). 3. ed. with Supplement. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969.

A scholar of religious thought and biblical archaeology, James Pritchard recruited the foremost linguists, historians, and archaeologists to select and translate the texts. The goal, in his words, was “a better understanding of the likenesses and differences which existed between Israel and the surrounding cultures”. This anthology brought invaluable documents together, in one place and in one language, thereby expanding the meaning and significance of the Bible for generations of students and readers. A competitor might be the three-volume The Context of Scripture, edited by W. W. Hallo and K. Lawson Younger, Jr.

James Bennett Pritchard (1909-1997) was an American archeologist. He had a long association with the University of Pennsylvania, where he was professor of Religious Studies.

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Histórias do Antigo Oriente Médio: uma bibliografia

LAMBERT, W. G. Babylonian Creation Myths. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 2013, XVI + 640 p. – ISBN 9781575062471.

For much of the last half of the twentieth century, W. G. Lambert devoted much of his research energy and effort to the study of Babylonian texts dealing with Mesopotamian ideas regarding creation, including especially Enuma Elish. This volume, which appears almost exactly 2 years after Lambert’s death, distills a lifetime of learning by the world’s foremost expert on these texts. Lambert provides a full transliteration and translation of the 7 tablets of Enuma Elish, based on the known exemplars, as well as coverage of a number of other texts that bear on, or are thought to bear on, Mesopotamian notions of the origin of the world, mankind, and the gods. New editions of seventeen additional “creation tales” are provided, including “Enmesharra’s Defeat,” “Enki and Ninmah,” “The Slaying of Labbu,” and “The Theogony of Dunnu.” Lambert pays special attention, of course, to the connection of the main epic, Enuma Elish, with the rise and place of Marduk in the Babylonian pantheon. He traces the development of this deity’s origin and rise to prominence and elaborates the relationship of this text, and the others discussed, to the religious and political climate Babylonia. The volume includes 70 plates (primarily hand-copies of the various exemplars of Enuma Elish) and extensive indexes.

Texto acadêmico padrão do Enuma Elish.

Wilfred George Lambert (1926 – 2011) was one of the most important Assyriologists of the latter part of the twentieth century. Lambert taught and researched at the University of Birmingham, UK, for thirty years, during which period he made weekly trips to work on deciphering cuneiform tablets in the British Museum.

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Histórias do Antigo Oriente Médio: uma bibliografia
Histórias do Antigo Oriente Médio: uma bibliografia mínima

HALLO, W. W. ; YOUNGER, K. L. (eds.) The Context of Scripture: Canonical Compositions, Monumental Inscriptions and Archival Documents from the Biblical World.  3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2003, 1553 p. – ISBN 9789047402275.

Two centuries of persistent exploration of the Near East have led to the recovery of much of this documentation, and the recovery continues at an unabated pace. The discoveries made in the field, and their interpretation in the scholarly literature, are brought to the attention of a wide public in three volumes, prepared by leading scholars in all the principal language areas of the ancient Near East. This major publication project will clearly replace PRITCHARD, J. B. (ed.) Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (ANET). 3. ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.

William W. Hallo (1928-2015), born in Kassel, Germany, was the William M. Laffan Professor of Assyriology and Babylonian Literature and Curator of the Babylonian Collection at Yale University, USA.

K. Lawson Younger, Jr. is Professor of Old Testament, Semitic Languages and Ancient Near Eastern History at the Trinity International University, Divinity School Deerfield, Illinois, USA.

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Histórias do Antigo Oriente Médio: uma bibliografia

GEORGE, A. R. The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, 1184 p. – ISBN 9780198149224. 

The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic is the acknowledged masterpiece of ancient Mesopotamian literature. Nevertheless it has to be re-edited periodically to take account of the enormous increase in primary sources that occurs every generation. Since the last critical edition of the epic seventy years ago the known fragments of the epic have almost doubled. This book collects all the extant texts in one place again, including twenty-three fragments published for the first time. The author has studied personally every available fragment to produce a definitive edition and translation. Four introductory chapters place the epic in its context and examine the name, person and traditions of Gilgamesh and other characters in the poem. The plates present the cuneiform text of all the extant fragments of the epic. The result is a publication which is a standard academic resource.  Available online.

Este é o texto acadêmico padrão da Epopeia de Gilgámesh.

GEORGE, A. R. The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian. Rev. ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2016, 304 p. – ISBN 9780140449198.

Miraculously preserved on clay tablets dating back as much as four thousand years, the poem of Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, is the world’s oldest epic, predating Homer by many centuries. The story tells of Gilgamesh’s adventures with the wild man Enkidu, and of his arduous journey to the ends of the earth in quest of the Babylonian Noah and the secret of immortality. Alongside its themes of family, friendship and the duties of kings, the Epic of Gilgamesh is, above all, about mankind’s eternal struggle with the fear of death. The Babylonian version has been known for over a century, but linguists are still deciphering new fragments in Akkadian and Sumerian. Andrew George’s gripping translation brilliantly combines these into a fluent narrative and will long rank as the definitive English Gilgamesh.

Andrew R. George (born 1955) is Professor of Babylonian at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, UK.

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GADOTTI, A. ‘Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld’ and the Sumerian Gilgamesh Cycle. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter, 2014, XV + 357 p. – ISBN 9781614517085.

Providing a new perspective on the Sumerian Gilgamesh stories, Alhena Gadotti argues that a Sumerian Gilgamesh Cycle was developed as early as Ur III, and that Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld was the first, not the last story of this cycle. Prompted by several texts that have come to light since Aaron Shaffer’s 1963 publication of the text, this book offers a new edition and a re-examination of the composition. Alhena Gadotti is Professor at Towson University, Towson, MD, USA.

FOSTER, B. R. Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature. 3. ed. Bethesda, Md.: CDL Press, 2005, XX + 1025 p. – ISBN 9781883053765.

Benjamin Foster’s Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature is already a standard among collections of translated texts from ancient Mesopotamia. The third edition of this work is an expansion and revision of the second edition, which has been out of print for some time. The new edition appears as a single-volume paperback instead of the two-volume, hardcover set of its predecessors. Generally speaking, this new edition follows the format of the previous editions. That is, the anthology still offers a general introduction to Akkadian literature, a specific introduction to each of the main time periods of Akkadian literature as delineated by Foster (Archaic, Classical, Mature, and Late), a brief introduction to major text groupings and each individual selection, and a translation of each text, which is followed by a cornucopia of information arranged under the rubrics “Text,” “Editions,” “Literature,” and “Notes to Texts.” As with previous editions, the translations are clear and accurate though not literary, the references to secondary literature are ample, and the introductions to individual texts remain useful for orienting readers in the unfamiliar and often difficult Mesopotamian materials (da resenha de Alan Lenzi, publicada pela RBL em 17/12/2005).

The translator has crammed into this collection at least a substantial sample of the most important literary genres of the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians. It includes mythic narratives, epics of heroes and historical kings, Wisdom texts, humorous stories, royal inscriptions, poetry, letters, and more; the harvest of over a century and a half of work in the field, and in museums and collections.

Benjamin R. Foster (born 1945) is Professor of Assyriology at Yale University, USA.

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Histórias do Antigo Oriente Médio: uma bibliografia

FLEMING, D. E. ; MILSTEIN, S. J. The Buried Foundation of the Gilgamesh Epic: The Akkadian Huwawa Narrative. Atlanta: SBL Press, 2014, XX + 227 p. – ISBN 9781628370324.

The Buried Foundation of the Gilgamesh Epic is a close study of the Old Babylonian Gilgamesh poems, intending to show that a lost Akkadian narrative about Gilgamesh, focused on the expedition of Gilgamesh and Enkidu against Huwawa, lies between the Old Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic, as known from the Penn and Yale tablets, and the Sumerian Gilgamesh and Huwawa poems. Fleming and Milstein propose that the outlines of this lost poem can be detected in the existing Sumerian and Akkadian sources and that the creative adaptation of this work explains certain inconsistencies they observe between the Penn and Yale Gilgamesh tablets, which, like most scholars, they consider a pair copied at the same time by the same person. They bring to their inquiry recently published Old Babylonian sources about Gilgamesh that suggest the confrontation with Huwawa was a separate story in Akkadian as well as Sumerian. They are forthright about the obvious problems with their hypothesis, such as that some or even all the independent Gilgamesh and Huwawa stories may well be later than the Penn and Yale tablets, but they are ready with carefully worked-out answers. Throughout, the authors demonstrate enviable analytic skills, attention to detail, and exceptional acuteness of observation, the result being a rewarding and interesting study for anyone interested in the Akkadian Gilgamesh tradition (da resenha de Foster, Benjamin R. Journal of the American Oriental Society 131, no. 1 (2011): 146-48)
 

Daniel Edward Fleming is Professor of Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near Eastern Studies in the Skirball Department of Hebrew and Judaic Studies at New York University, USA.

Sara J. Milstein is Professor of Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near Eastern Studies in the Department of Classical, Near Eastern, and Religious Studies at University of British Columbia, Canada.

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Histórias do Antigo Oriente Médio: uma bibliografia

DALLEY, S. Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others. Rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009, 339 p. – ISBN 9780199538362.

The myths collected here include parallels with the biblical stories of the Creation and the Flood, and the famous Epic of Gilgamesh, the tale of a man of great strength, whose heroic quest for immortality is dashed through one moment of weakness. Recent developments in Akkadian grammar and lexicography mean that this new translation–complete with notes, a glossary of deities, place-names, and key terms, and illustrations of the mythical monsters featured in the text–will replace all other versions.

Stephanie M. Dalley is a Retired Research Fellow in Assyriology, Faculty of Oriental Studies at Oxford. From 1979 to 2007, she taught Akkadian and Sumerian at the Oriental Institute, Oxford University, UK.

BRANDÃO, J. L. Como se faz um herói: as linhas de força do poema de Gilgámesh. E-Hum, Belo Horizonte, v. 8, n. 1, p. 104-121, 2015.

O trabalho é uma tradução comentada da qual a primeira parte (a primeira tabuinha) se encontra publicada no volume 10 (2014) da Revista Nuntius antiquus. Nesse sentido, o objetivo é duplo: de um lado, apresentar algo de minha tradução da versão babilônica clássica da chamada epopeia de Gilgámesh (cujo título original é Ele o abismo viu), atribuída ao “exorcista” (mašmaššu) Sîn-lēqi-unninni e composta por volta do século XIII a. C.; por outro lado, examinar as linhas de força temáticas que dão coesão ao poema, considerando a conexão que nele têm os feitos heroicos com o sexo, a morte e a vida civilizada.

BRANDÃO, J. L. No princípio era a água. Rev. UFMG, Belo Horizonte, v. 20, n. 2, p.22-41, 2013. 

Este trabalho trata das cosmogonias babilônicas que instituem a água como o princípio de tudo, bem como das tradições grega e hebraica delas dependentes. No poema intitulado Enuma elish, escrito provavelmente no século XII a.C., Apsû e Tiamat – a água das fontes e a água do mar, respectivamente – são apresentados como os primeiros deuses, a partir dos quais o mundo ganha forma. Ressalta-se como, provindo de povos que vivem no deserto, esses mitos sublinham o caráter da água como fonte de vida, ao mesmo tempo que elaboram uma imagem do mar como uma força perigosa que é preciso conter em seus limites, tarefa que cabe ao mais jovem dos deuses, responsável pela ordem do mundo.

BRANDÃO, J. L. Sîn-lēqi-unninni, Ele o abismo viu (Série de Gilgámesh 1). Nuntius Antiquus, Belo Horizonte, v. X, n. 2, jul.-dez., p. 125-159, 2014.

Apresento a tradução da primeira tabuinha de Ele o abismo viu (Sha naqba imuru), poema babilônico que se costuma intitular “Epopeia de Gilgámesh”. Trata-se do primeiro resultado que publico de projeto em fase de finalização e que teve como objetivo traduzir todo o poema diretamente do acádio.

Jacyntho José Lins Brandão é  Professor de Língua e Literatura Grega na Faculdade de Letras da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, em Belo Horizonte.